St Francis of Assisi

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The aspect of Francis' spirituality, which this paper will try to explore, is the Eucharist and the enormous significance this sacrament held for him. In chapter CL11 of "The Second Life of St Francis" Celano writes that "Francis burned with a love that came from his whole being for the sacrament of the Lord's body…". Celano goes on to tell us that Francis attended Mass daily whenever possible and received Holy Communion frequently, "…with such devotion that he made others also devout."

There can be no doubt that the Eucharist was the central part of Francis' spirituality for in this sacrament he encountered the reality of Christ and his love for mankind; in addition, the Mass was important to him because he heard the Gospel proclaimed and participated in the commemoration of Christ's death on the cross.

Francis of Assisi (118-16) was a medieval man who had a limited formal education; for instance he probably composed his letters rather than wrote them himself. He was not a scholar or a theologian.

Francis lived in an era where "…there was appearing, almost everywhere, a kind of passionate straining towards the pure ideal of the Gospel". There was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction with monastic life, a demand for a purer preaching of the Gospel, and reform of the secular clergy, many of whom were wealthy and lazy. In response to the lacily of many secular clerics and the rigidity and luxury of monastic life, nonconformist movements arose which focused on penitence and poverty. Such groups as the Cathars, the Albigensians and the Waldensians advocated, "lay preaching" and "apostolic poverty" as ways to return to basic Gospel values. These groups soon found themselves regarded as heretical when their doctrines grew ever more extreme and conflicted with official Church beliefs.

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Francis on the other hand, though inspired by a similar motivation to embrace utter poverty of spirit and a simple, humble life of service in the Lord's name, remained always obedient to the Church authority, and frequently sought guidance from his advocate and friend, The Bishop of Assisi. Francis and his followers lived their lives of poverty and penance within the Church and in complete compliance to Papal directives. Francis was never doubted that the Catholic Church "…was the upholder and guardian of the truth. He thought her doctrine irrefutable and her faith the only guarantee for salvation of man (1Cee 6)"

Given St Francis' strong loyalty and love for the Church, it follows that for him as for the Church at large, the central act for worship was the Mass. In his desire to follow absolutely a way of life based on that of Jesus Christ, he found in the mystery of the Eucharist the inspiration to pursue his calling. In the Eucharist he met his crucified Lord, his humble Lord, and above all, his loving Lord. The reverence with which Francis regarded the Eucharist stemmed from his "…deep Theological insight into meaning. In it he discovered all that was required as the foundation for his life of penance. His love for this mystery grew out of his realization through faith that in it the whole redemptive work of God for us is once more made visible and tangible."

To discover what Francis actually taught and practiced regarding the Eucharist there is no better place to look than his writings. In the first of the Admonitions, entitled "The Blessed Sacrament", Francis pets out simply and unequivocally his belief that the bread and wine consecrated on the alter by the priest become the "most holy Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ." Speaking of Christ's humanity in this sacrament Francis states that "He shows himself to us in this sacred bread just as he once appeared to his apostles in real flesh." And again he says "We, too, with our own eyes, see only bread and wine, but we must see further and firmly believe that this is his most holy Body and Blood, living and true." For Francis there is no doubt the sacramental bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ as every Mass. This belief compliments Francis' devotion to the person of Jesus. As Ilia Delis states in his article "Francis and the Body of Christ"; "The emphasis on the body and blood of Christ points to the humanity of Christ, the real flesh and blood of God's presence upon earth."

There was no more sacred, significant meaningful or precious part of Francis' day that his attendance at Mass, daily Mass was a practice he urged upon his friars. In a letter, which Francis sent to a general chapter towards the end of his life when his followers included priests, he gives the following counsel

And so this is my advice, this is my earnest request in the Lord That in the places where the friars live only one Mass a day be said in the rite of the holy Church. If there are several priests in a place, each should be glad for the love of charity to have assisted at the celebration of the other.

The humility of Francis was one of the many ways he put into practice his calling to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ. He was profoundly attracted by Christ's humility and poverty; for instance Jesus' birth in the most basic of human circumstances moved him deeply. But above all else the mystery of Christ in the Eucharist was a marvel almost beyond words for him. In another section of his "Letter to a General Chapter" Francis expresses this as follows

O sublime humility! O humble sublimity! That the Lord of the whole universe, God and the Son of God, should humble himself like this and hide under the form of a little bread, for our salvation.

Being awestruck by Christ's real presence during the celebration of The Mass did not deter Francis from frequently receiving Communion. In this regard he behaved somewhat differently from hi contemporaries, for in the early thirteenth century, frequent Communion was not the normal practice, even amongst monks and nuns. Francis' desire to embrace the reality of Jesus in the Eucharist (as often as possible) runs parallel to his intense devotion to the humanity of Jesus Christ and his desire to follow his personal Savior as intimately as he could. It is not surprising that writers about Francis remark on the respect and veneration towards the reserved Eucharist and his concern that the blessed sacrament be stored in suitable places, that chalices and other items used at Mass be treated with car and reverence, along with the written word of God. It would seem that in Francis' time carelessness and even disrespect in these matters occurred quite often and Francis was at pains to connect practices, which seemed so unworthy to him. There occurs in Francis' own writings a number of instances when he urges greater respect; for instance the "Letter to all Superiors of The Friars Minor", the "Letter to a General Chapter" and the "Letter to all Clerics". In his "testament", written not long before his death, Francis repeats his teaching "Above everything else, I want this most holy Sacrament to be honored and venerated and reserved in places which are richly ornamented".

It follows that Francis had enormous respect for all priests and there are many expressions of this in his writings. Admonition XXVI has Francis stating that The Clergy "…are in privileged position because they have change of the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ…" Celano's "Second Life of St Francis" describes the saint as often saying that if he should have the opportunity to meet a saint from heaven and a poor priest he, Francis, "…would first show honor to the priest and quickly go to kiss his hands" . Whereas to the saint Francis would say "Wait, St Lawrence, for the hands of this one touch the Word of Life, and have something about them that is more than human" . This shows how deeply Francis believed that at the Eucharist the Word of Life becomes flesh among us, irrespective of whether the priest is a worthy on or not . Such faith impresses deeply despite the distance of eight hundred years because of the sincerely of Francis' words both written and reported.

What does Francis' attitude to the Eucharist have to offer to Christians of the Third millennium? I believe that in the first place Christians of today could learn from Francis' sense of awe and reverence regarding the Eucharist. Secondly, Francis' understanding that the Eucharist ideally invited one to live a Eucharistic life is relevant in all eras. Thirdly, Francis' emphasis on peace and joy could well begin for modern men and women with the Eucharist, the sacrament of unity.

Modern Christians are capable of being as neglectful and irreverent towards the Eucharist as Francis' contemporaries. Believing as we do, that we live in a more sophisticated age than Francis and having the benefit of centuries of education and theological study about the Eucharist available to us, as well as a multitude of other spiritualities which may enrich us, perhaps the centrality of the Eucharist to our lives is not like it was to Francis. Francis' beliefs were not couched in theological terms because he was a man simplicity, yet his belief that the Mass connected him in a real and personal and intimate way to the person of Jesus Christ is so lucidly expressed so often in his writings, that we must conclude that this sacrament was central to his life, that it was supremely important over and above all his other beliefs and religious activities. The wonder of this sacrament was never diminished in Francis' eyes. Today's custom of receiving Communion at every Mass, unlike the practice in Francis' day, could perhaps have contributed to an attitude of greater familiarly and lesser reverence. That which has become routine in today's busy world can also have lost its luster of awe and mystery. I believe St. Francis sets a great example for us today.

Just as Jesus Christ lived his life for all, so did Francis in his wish to follow and imitate Christ. Francis' original ministry to the lepers who were society's outcasts, was inspired and sustained by his faith that in the Eucharist he was embraced by Jesus Christ and thereby invited to embrace all he encountered, especially the poor, the sick, the untouchable, those whom Jesus has sought out in his life time. This idea cannot be less relevant in 00 than in the thirteenth century. The Eucharist joins us to all our sisters and brothers and invites us to live out this relationship in daily life, as Francis did so perfectly. Ilia Delis expresses this in following way

If Eucharist means finding oneself internally related to every other, including one's enemies, and embracing the other in love, than it is indeed the source of a truly catholic personality and the seed of a new creation, whereby all humanity is bound in a unity of love.

The example of Francis as a man who so extolled the blessings of peace and joy can be an inspiration in this third millennium where we daily encounter disunity, inequality, social injustice, war and all degrees of enmity. The Eucharist, which Francis saw as the sacrament of unity, remains that today, if we adopt this consciousness. Francis found in the Mass his main source of love, peace and joyful self-giving, always aware that these were the gifts of the Jesus he encountered there. Could not these same gifts transform whatever situation we may be in on a personal level, and assist to bring healing to our imperfect world?Please note that this sample paper on St Francis of Assisi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on St Francis of Assisi, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on St Francis of Assisi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mental and Physical Preparation for Sport

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Introduction

Success starts with one most powerful asset ones brain. Strengthening this tool is paramount for success. As the premise states, "the role of the mind in sports performance is crucial for success…" It is important to acknowledge that successful athletic performance is a function of not only what the athlete does, but also what the athlete thinks. In turn, the ultimate athletic performance can only be realized when both the mind, through psychological training, and the body, through physiological and skills training, attain their fullest potential. Beggs (10) asserts "when an athlete goes out on the field, for a contest, he does not leave his mind tucked away in a locker with his shoes, his watch and his hat…the best athletes use almost every faculty of their minds when they go into a contest" (p 56).

There has been much speculation on how to define motivation. One version explains it as 'an intervening process or an internal state of an organism that impels or drives it to action' (Reber 185, p454). Motivation is a broad subject and this report discusses the theory of achievement motivation.

Achievement motivation is a person's effort to succeed at a task, achieve excellence, persist in the face of failure, perform better than others and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill 186, Murray 18, citied in Gould and Weinberg 000). These motives that allow an athlete to achieve may be classed as intrinsic, extrinsic or amotivated. Intrinsic motivation arises in a person involved in an activity due to interest or personal satisfaction. A person is extrinsically motivated to achieve a reward or benefit in the outcome of said event, such as a trophy, money or fame, where these are perceived as desirable assets. Kowal and Fortier (000) stipulate that amotivation refers to lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity.

An athlete able to enter and maintain the desired 'intrinsic motivational' state outlined by Gill, Murray, Gould, Weinberg may give a distinct advantage during an athletes mental preparation, which is often an undervalued factor in success. Experience and practice typically lead to improvement, ergo the more experienced an athlete the more technical their mental preparation may be. Followers of the tai-chi martial art form are noted for their attention to mental preparation, and anecdotal evidence suggest that at elite levels of any competition or activity, preparation and will become the deciding factor.

A reasonable question is whether mental training is worth getting better at. Athletes spend a lot of time preparing for competition. Practices and fitness training are all about technical, tactical and physical preparation for competition. As a result, they become highly skilled in these areas. However, the ability to utilise this potential in competition depends largely on their mental skills, which unfortunately usually receive less attention and training.

The purpose of this study is to identify what role motivation plays in improving athlete performances, through psychology examination of three sportspeople and understanding how they improve their performance. The role of motivation and the problems associated with motivational levels affecting their performance will be outline and discussed. Observing the mental training and motivational methods used by these athletes will help to illustrate the factors that help athletes to succeed.Method

Participants

The subjects chosen for this study are three sportspeople who are Rugby League players. The individuals are from the same age group although each competes at a different level.

Subject 1 17-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of ten due to a lack of interest in his previous sport, which was soccer. He plays every Saturday just to keep fit and healthy.

Subject 0-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of 14 at school. He competes at the reserve grade level and plays for the Cronulla Sharks.

Subject 8-year-old first grade representative who plays for the Cronulla Sharks and has had an interest with the sport since the age of 7 when his parents placed him into a weekend activity sport with the local club.

Measure

In order to identify what effects the motivation levels, methodologies used and motivational problems encountered had in improving each individuals' performance, an interview and two surveys were jointly conducted. Survey 1 is a Mental Skills Profile and Survey is a Mental Training Checklist. The interview was designed to explore the athlete's background and views on Rugby League. The two surveys were used to identify the methodologies they chose and the motivation of the subjects to improve their performance.

Procedure

Firstly, permission was gained in order to conduct the interview with each interview after a brief discussion on the assignment. Secondly, the interview was conducted by direct contact with the three subjects at each individual's house on request. Finally, the two surveys were given to them to answer after interview. Results

Table 1, and summarise the results from the interview that gathered information relating to the athletes background, their view on rugby league. The main aim of conducting the interview was to investigate what do sportspeople do to improve their sports performance, how important do sportspeople view motivation with respect to performance and how do sportspeople deal with problems associated with motivation?

The results from Survey 1 outline the individual's attitude in any given situation regarding to the sport. It illustrates the athletes' mental state, whether it is positive or negative by allowing the athlete to nominate a set grade as outlined in the survey.

The results from Survey outline the athletes' mental state in any given situation. Subjects covered include; motivation, confidence, thought habits, focus and visualization.

Both the table and surveys illustrate and identify each athlete's motivation and the methodologies used by them to improve performance.

(Please refer to Appendix for full transcripts of interviews and surveys).Table 1 Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Define motivation Something that makes you want to do something. To be enthusiastic and driven to try and achieve your set goal. A positive mental attitude in a given situation or set of circumstances.

What is your prime motivation for participating in your chosen sport? I want to reach my short-term and long- term goals. I strive to be like my Rugby League hero, Peter Sterling. Recognition is really important to me. I want people to be able to see my skill and ability to play. I also set short-term goals. Winning and having the recognition of being one of the top players in Australia.I set short-term goals to achieve them.

How do you get motivated and remain motivated throughout the game? Verbally psyching myself up. My teammates and coach also encourage me Enthusiasm is vital. As an elite player, my mental state is my competitive advantage. Self-motivator's, which I have studied and practiced throughout my sporting life. Having the right frame of mind is critical.

What role do you feel motivation plays in relation to your performance? No real important role. I feel my performance and skill is what is important. It is very important, as we are basically all very competitive and elite. Motivation is what I focus on, as it will make me succeed. It plays the most important role in professional rugby, as we are all talented. The major difference is our motivation.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

List the best things about Rugby League GirlsFightsMeeting new friends Performing wellWinningSatisfaction RecognitionFinalsMoney

List the worst things about Rugby League InjuriesTime wastageMissing social events InjuriesLosingTraining LosingInjuriesHard workout and training

How do you deal with these problems? Sometimes my friends and team- mates give me support. I'm Motivation from the coach and team- mates. Having a good attitude at all times. I also initiate a one-on-one session with my sport psychologist sometimes. Being enthusiastic no matter what. Believing in myself at all times and by being positive. My wife and coach are really good to talk too.

Do you use mental preparation? If so, list and explain. No, not really. Off course, you have too. I tend to focus on affirmation and imagery. I find that thinking of the moves I have learnt helps me in my confidence. You better believe it. Self-talk is a major one. It makes me believe in myself as I'm continually telling myself 'I can do it'. I also like the team to participate.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Are you always mentally prepared for a game? No. Well I try to be, as its vital for motivation and performance. We do our best. It is the biggest challenge as there are always external factors to consider. Our pep-up meetings at training and before the game help me focus.

Has lack of mental preparation ever affected your performance? Yes off course. I'm starting to realize that it is quite important. It's really common sense. Unfortunately, yes it has. I try and focus on always being mentally prepared however sometimes it's a difficult task to maintain. Sadly, there have been a few situations where my performance was not to my potential due to lack of mental preparation.

What do you do to improve your performance? Well I practice during training and I eat well. I focus on my self-esteem level and I also train hard and try to be enthusiastic. I do many things. I train hard, I eat well, I use self-motivators, which boost my confidence level.

Discussion

The importance of mental training increases at more elite levels. When athletes are young and just learning the technical, tactical and physical skills of a game, their learning curve is steep. A true example of this is Subject 1, however the athlete is not motivated and has no enthusiasm to succeed. Even though, there's a lot of room for improvement and he improve quickly. At elite levels, most players are approaching their performance ceiling and the learning curve slows down. This is a true example of Subject and . Consequently, teams are often similar in terms of technical, tactical and physical skills at this level. Everybody is good. If you're looking for an advantage over an opponent, mental training can be huge. The main reason is that not many opponents work conscientiously on this part of their game. So, developing strong mental skills can provide a major advantage. Both Subject and recognise the importance of motivation with respect to performance, and state that it is one of the most vital factors for their success.

Subject 1 clearly illustrates amotivation, which was earlier referred too as a lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity. The reason for his failure in performance is due to many reasons, one being the lack of mental preparation before a game. Graham states that, "How we feel before we compete has a lot to do with how we compete. Your optimal pre-competitive state is the mindset that has always been associated with excellent performances in your past. Said another way, it is the mindset you perform most effectively with. When preparing for competition, self-regulation involves understanding what your optimal pre-competitive state feels like, then using relaxation and visualization skills to get there."

In order for Subject 1 to improve his sport performance, he must focus on mental preparation prior to the game and training sessions. The Coach also has an important role in motivating and analyzing Subject 1's attitude in order to assist with other critical aspects such as confidence and concentration not only motivation.

Subject uses the technique of imagery, as he believes that it is crucial in Rugby League to have the right mental approach, to be successful. Cumming et al (001) expresses that, "Imagery exerts a beneficial effect on the acquisition and performance of a motor skill…Imagery has cognitive and motivational functions". In simplest terms, imagery can be likened to daydreaming. It is simply the process whereby an individual sees and feels pictures or images in the mind. Graham (000) states, "It also is a tool that elite athletes have been using for years to maximize their competitive

performance. Jean-Claude Killy, one of only two individuals to win three gold medals in alpine skiing in the same Olympics, reported that he always mentally went through each gate on the ski course, as he stood in the starting gate. Similarly, the great professional golfer Jack Nicklaus, reported that he never hit a golf ball until he visually saw himself hitting the ball in his mind. In fact, there would be few athletes competing at elite levels anywhere who would not use imagery systematically in both practice and competition".

Subject is very goal driven. He continually sets short-term goals in order for them to be reached, which assists in motivation, confidence and enthusiasm. In turn, this will assist him in reaching his ultimate long-term goals. This is a very efficient and effective technique, as by setting the short-term goals, and by achieving them, this is motivating him to keep a positive outlook on achieving his long-term goals. As it is stated that, "Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of sport. At its simplest level, the process of setting goals and targets allows you to choose what you want to achieve in your sport" (Markland 1, p158). The athlete knowing what they want to achieve, are also aware of what they must concentrate on and improve, and what the distinctions are. Goal setting gives the athlete long-term vision and short-term motivation.

It would not be precise to state that motivation is the only factor, which affects sports performance. One has to consider other vital factors, as being a successful athlete involves a variety of different abilities and skills. A successful athlete will peak in his or her performance when they have captured the skill and capability of maintaining confidence, intensity, concentration and motivation. It is said that there is always room for improvement and that no one is perfect, this statement holds force throughout this report. Through further study and investigation, it would be suggested that one should focus on all the issues which affect an athletes performance, which will in turn give an in depth insight into athletic performance and success.References

Beggs, W.D.A (10). Goal setting in sport. In J.G. Jones and L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 56-170). Chichester, UK John Wiley and Sons.

Brunstein, J. (1). Personal goals and subjective well-being A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.

Cumming JL, Ste-Marie DM (001) The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training A matter of perspective. Sports Psychologist Vol5() Sep 00176-88.

Gould, D Weinberg, RS (000) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Pathology (nd ed). United States of America human Kinetics.

Graham, T (000) Developing a mental and emotional edge. [Online]. Available http//www.usask.ca/sportmedsci/mental/edgesoccer.HTM [18 May 00].

Kowal, J Fortier, MS (000) Testing relationships from hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence.

Markland D (1) Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 1(4) Dec 151-61.

Reber, AS (185) The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. England Penguin Books.

Scanlan, T.K. and Lewthwaite, R. (186). Social psychological aspects of competition in male youth sport participants. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 5-5.

Stated in the essay

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Short Message Service: What, How and Where?

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Introduction

Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message center (SMS) which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that the recipient is not available, the short message is stored and can be sent later. Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text (alphanumeric) or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interesting feature of SMS is return receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short message was delivered to the intended recipient. Since SMS used signaling channel as opposed to dedicated channels, these messages can be sent/received simultaneously with the voice/data/fax service over a GSM network. SMS supports national and international roaming. This means that you can send short messages to any other GSM mobile user around the world. With the PCS networks based on all the three technologies, GSM, CDMA and TDMA supporting SMS, SMS is more or less a universal mobile data service.

à Note The actual limit of size of SMS is 160 characters if Latin alphabets are used. If non-Latin alphabets like Chinese or Arabic are used, the limit is 70 characters.

How does SMS work

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The figure below shows a typical organization of network elements in a GSM network supporting SMS.

The SMC (Short Message Center) is the entity, which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. The SME (Short Message Entity), which can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages.

The SMS GWMS (SMS gateway MSC) is a gateway MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile network's point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register.

HLR is the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC.

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network, which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network.

A VLR (Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information form the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTS's), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.

To use the Short Message Service, users need the relevant subscriptions and hardware, specifically

Ø A subscription to a mobile telephone network that supports SMS

Ø Use of SMS must be enabled for that user (automatic access to the SMS is given by some mobile network operators, others charge a monthly subscription and require a specific opt-in to use the service)

Ø A mobile phone that supports SMS

Ø Knowledge of how to send or read a short message using their specific model of mobile phone

Ø Destination to send a short message to, or receive a message from. This is usually another mobile phone but may be a fax machine, PC or Internet address.

Applications

Some of the common applications of SMS are

· Exchanging small messages like See you at 8.0 tonight at xyz. SMS is particularly suited for these kinds of short messages because SMS is much cheaper than calling some one and giving the same message. Calling some one to give the same message would invariably take more time and hence more cost.

· Many operators offer e-mail service over SMS. Every user is assigned an e-mail address at signup and any message delivered to that email is converted to short messages and delivered to the mobile.

· It is possible to send e-mail messages (less than 160 characters) from a mobile phone to any e-mail address via SMS.

· Information services like news, weather, entertainment and stock prices etc. can be availed just by sending a keyword like NEWS, WEATH etc to the short message center number.

· SMS can be used by the network operators to provide services like balance enquiry in case of prepaid cards using SMS.

· Mobile chatting is one more hot application of SMS

· SMS can be used to notify users that they have received new voice-mail or fax messages.

· It provides an alternative to alphanumeric paging services

· Using SIM-Toolkit, now a part of GSM specifications, SMS can be used to have on the air activation of features. By sending codes embedded in short messages from the server network operators can remotely provision the users wireless terminal

· Internet e-mail alerts.

· Downloading new ring tones.

Limitations of SMS

There is no doubt that SMS has been very popular. The figures in the section above support this. What is more interesting to observe is that this popularity has been in spite of many limitations of SMS. Many of these limitations are the driving force behind the developments and initiatives being taken in the field of short messaging. Some of the limitations of SMS are

· Messages are plain vanilla in nature. You can only send simple text messages. There is no scope for any graphics or audio.

However

As mentioned in the next section EMS would help fill this gap.

· The messages are limited by size. An SMS message can't exceed 160 characters. (BTW this limitation is due to the limitation in the MAP protocol in GSM) In case of longer e-mails or information service messages like news, the messages need to broken down into more than one message. The need to break the messages into several smaller segments could make SMS comparatively costlier in comparison to GPRS (for the same kind of service). Also, This doesn't look very appealing on a mobile device!

However

MMS (talked about later) would remove the limitation of small messages

· The limitation of easy input mechanisms in mobile devices makes it very uncomfortable sending messages larger than even 5-6 words.

However

Predictive text input algorithms implemented in a mobile phone can greatly help. Voice recognition systems can further help ease the situation

· SMS operators use many proprietary protocols and application developers need to implement different interfaces for making their applications work with different SMS centers. X.5 is used as a popular protocol for connecting with SMS centers.

· SMS protocol data units as defined in GSM 0.40 are also not very efficient. The various header fields in the PDU are fixed which puts a constraint on the scenarios that can be indicated. G specifications are being looked up to look and address these constraints.

· Data rate and latency. GPRS and USSD provide better data rates and lower latency compared to SMS. This is because SMS uses the slow signaling channel, which is used for many other things also in GSM.

However

MMS will use data channels and hence higher rates and lower latency.

· The store and forward nature of SMS, though useful in many applications makes SMS not very suitable for WAP

Initiatives and future developments

SMS is a first generation GSM service. As described in the previous section, SMS has some inherent limitations. The majority of these are to do with the fact that SMS is plain vanilla in nature. Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is a mechanism by which you can send a comparatively richer message that are combination of text, simple melodies, pictures (simple, black and white) and animations to an EMS compliant handset. The service is very much based on the existing SMS. It basically extends the User Data Header (UDH) in SMS (UDH makes it possible to include binary information in the message header) and infact needs no upgrade to the network infrastructure. The handsets however need to be EMS compliant. The first EMS handsets should be available by mid of 001.

à In EMS there are 10 different predefined sounds including low and high chimes and chords, Ding, TaDa, Claps, Drum and Notify.

à EMS standards are a part of rd Generation Partnership Project (GPP) technical specification G TS .040, Technical realization of the Short Message Service (SMS)

The next step in the evolution of SMS, which requires substantial changes in the network infrastructure, is the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) that allows a combination of text, sounds, images and video. MMS will support pictures and interactive video. It will be possible, for example, to send mobile greeting cards and visiting cards using MMS. MMS uses standardized protocols like WAP, MExE and SMTP. While EMS requires content reformatting for mobile devices, there is no such requirement for MMS. Theoretically MMS may run on any bearer service, but practically it would require GPRS or G bearer services before it starts appearing. AS opposed to SMS, MMS needs a dedicated channel. It would also require new network elements like Multimedia Messaging Relays, MMS Server and MMS User Databases. While MMS trials have been planned in mid 001, the first MMS compliant handsets are expected to hit the market only in end 00. MMS is being standardized by the GPP

à According to GPP standards MMS is a new service, which has no direct equivalent in the previous ETSI/GSM world or in the fixed network world.

SMS, WAP, and GPRS?

Where does SMS go with services like WAP and GPRS? Well, The first thing to understand is that SMS is a bearer service. It is a mechanism of sending short messages. WAP provides the user with services and protocols that can be used on top of SMS. With the increased use of WAP, the SMS traffic in networks should see considerable increase.

GPRS, on the other hand, is a packet based data service that provides much higher throughput. Unlike SMS, it provides a real time data bearer. The users always stay connected to the network. But GPRS and SMS don't really compete with each other in the real sense. The costs involved in sending small messages for an end user in case of SMS are expected to be lower than that in GPRS (packet data) service because the responsibility for sending the message to the recipient in case of SMS lies entirely on the short message center as opposed to the user in GPRS. In GPRS there is no concept of storage. Confirmation of delivery is a unique feature of SMS because of the very nature of short message service. Simultaneous transmission with GSM voice, data, and fax services is another distinguishing characteristic of SMS.

True, GPRS will be a much better option to use for services like WAP, but the availability of GPRS and GPRS-compliant handsets will take some time to pickup. Also, SMS needs no special network elements and handsets. It is something that almost every mobile user has and can use to send messages to any other mobile user without worrying about the capabilities of that mobile and its network!

Conclusions

SMS, because of its very nature has unique advantages that other non-voice services do not have. It provides a very convenient method of exchanging small bits of information between mobile users. The reasons for the enormous popularity of SMS have been the fact that this mechanism of sending and receiving messages not only saves time but costs less as well. In many situations one is relatively much more comfortable sending a message via SMS than talking over phone. With new information services and unique value added services being used by the operators the popularity of SMS is increasing further. SMS is also uniquely positioned as a very attractive advertisement medium. SMS should no longer be treated as a value added service in mobile networks. SMS is not only providing a useful mechanism for a host of innovative services over mobile networks but it acting as a point of entry for new data services like WAP in mobile networks.

Abbreviations

SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol

MexE Mobile station application execution environment

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPP Third Generation Partnership Program

MAP Mobile Application Part

TDMA Time division multiple access

CDMA Code division multiple access

An Introduction to the Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)

Ø The Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is the ability to send ring tones and operator logos and other simple visual messages to EMS capable handsets and additionally the ability to send and receive a combination of simple media such as melodies, pictures, sounds, animations, modified text and standard text as an integrated message for display on an EMS compliant handset.

Ø The Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is a standard developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (GPP) to embrace and extend the ability to send ringtones and operator logos and other simple visual messages to EMS capable handsets and additionally the ability to send and receive a combination of simple media such as melodies, pictures, sounds, animations, modified text and standard text as an integrated message for display on an EMS compliant handset. There are many different potential combinations of these media. For example, when an exclamation mark appears in the enhanced message, a melody could be played. A simple black and white image could be displayed along with some text and this sound effect. As such, EMS has two main applications person-to-person messaging and phone personalization.

Ø New phones supporting EMS are needed. Support for EMS is widespread amongst terminal manufacturers such as Ericsson, Alcatel, Siemens and Motorola.

Ø However, network modifications to support EMS are minimized. Extending the use of the long established and widely used User Data Header (UDH) common in SMS has standardized the Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). The UDH makes it possible to include binary data in a normal short message prior the text message itself. EMS is an enhancement to SMS but is very similar to SMS in terms of using the store and forward SMS Centers, the signaling channel and the like to realize EMS. EMS has little or no impact on today's SMS Centers. The introduction of EMS should be totally transparent to SMS Centers since they already support the User Data Header. This is a key advantage to EMS- the fact that network operators need make no additional investments to SMS Centers or network infrastructure providing their networks already support binary 8 bit messaging and unless EMS message volumes mean investment in new SMS Center capacity. The principal modification to existing SMS Centers would be in the case that mobile network operators wanted to charge differently for EMS- in such a case, the SMS Center would need to record the relevant technical values and generate Call Detail Records for billing purposes accordingly. Some network operators have indeed started investigating whether they can change their charging policy for EMS compared with SMS. They would like to charge for one enhanced message, instead of several SMS. One EMS can be made up of several short messages.

Ø Initially, EMS will be like smart messaging in terms of user trends. In other words, people will use websites and premium rate services to request a ring tone or operator logo for their phone. In such cases, how many other EMS capable phones that are out there is largely irrelevant- all that matters is that the individual wants to participate in the whole cool ringtones services world. In the later stages, as EMS devices ship from several vendors in large volumes, EMS transactions will start to involve person-to-person messaging, like SMS. People will use the ability to add simple media extensions to EMS as a means to send more creative and interesting text messages to each other. This later person-to-person capability is what EMS was originally designed for, unlike Smart Messaging that only supports the forwarding of picture messages from phone to phone.

Ø The sender of an enhanced message composes the message on their EMS compliant device. The EMS user who decides when or where to insert other media such as pictures or sounds can enter text. In practice, it will be challenging to design an intuitive user interface for enhanced message composition from a handset, which may only be able to store a few basic images. Some handset vendors believe that the majority of the enhanced messages will be created directly in the phones because nowadays, even the low-end phones have relatively large displays. Early indicators are however that the picture editors in EMS phones are difficult to use, hence composition of enhanced messages is likely to therefore be principally something that is driven from Internet sites.

Ø If an enhanced message is sent to a handset that does not support EMS there might well be a problem because EMS messages may be binary encoded and legacy phones might fail to display those EMS messages at all. In the case of an alternate textual representation of EMS data and corresponding user data headers, the message would show garbage text fragments making no sense to the recipient. This is exactly what happens when you send a Nokia smart message to a non-Nokia handset today. Non-binary EMS messages sent to a non-EMS handset (e.g. EMS messages containing text formatting but not pictures or animations) may well be displayed as plain text, depending on handset vendor implementations. The current GPP standards do not currently require non-EMS handsets to implement filters that help render incoming EMS as normal text messages. This example also illustrates the need for an intelligent converter that helps to represent a message with enhanced text formatting in a way suitable for legacy, non-EMS handsets.

What is WAP?

Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson and the US software company Phone.com (formerly Unwired Planet) were the initial partners that teamed up to develop and deploy the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). WAP is an attempt to define the standard for how content from the Internet is filtered for mobile communications. WAP was developed because content is now readily available on the Internet, and there needs to be a way of making it easily available to mobile terminals. One of the reasons why the mobile industry has got so excited about WAP is because it combines two of the fastest growing industries wireless and the Internet.

The Wireless Application Protocol is a protocol designed for use with · Any existing or planned wireless service such as SMS, Circuit Switched Data, Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)· Any mobile network standard such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobiles (GSM), or Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

The Wireless Application Protocol incorporates a relatively simple micro-browser into the mobile phone. As such, WAP's requirement for only limited resources on the mobile phone makes it suitable for today's standard small screened handsets. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is designed to add value-added services by putting the intelligence in the WAP servers whilst adding just a micro-browser to the mobile phones themselves. Microbrowser-based services and applications reside temporarily on servers, not permanently in phones. The Wireless Application Protocol is aimed at turning a mass-market mobile phone into a network-based smartphone.

The Wireless Application Protocol embraces and extends the previously conceived and developed wireless data protocols such as the technology developed by Phone.com (formerly Unwired Planet) and Nokia's Smart Messaging.

This technology has been incorporated into WAP- and renamed using some of the many WAP-related acronyms such as WMLS, WTP and WSP. Someone with a WAP-compliant phone uses the in-built micro-browser to make a request in for information or service. This request is passed to a WAP Gateway that then retrieves the information from a Internet server either in standard HTML format or preferably directly prepared for wireless terminals using Wireless Markup Language (WML). If the content being retrieved is in HTML format, a filter in the Wireless Application Protocol Server may try to translate it into WML. The requested information is then sent from the WAP Gateway to the WAP client, using whatever mobile network bearer service is available and most appropriate.

The rhetoric about the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has finally given way to the reality as mobile network operators have realized that there is little money to be made or competitive advantage to be gained from WAP today - everyone (and we mean everyone) is doing it - and very few are doing it with any impact or innovation (everyone is doing the same tired services we have seen before and all through Internet portals

Somehow WAP, a mere protocol, a means to an end, got elevated it into an end in itself. Many IT companies, financial analysts, advertising agencies and web design agencies were sucked into the whole full Mobile Internet access myth and over-promised and under-delivered The lessons from WAP do not bode well for the mobile data revolution that we all anticipate. Lots of people have been misled and lots of claims have been exaggerated but no real damage has been done. We will get to the Mobile Internet but need to be full and frank in making people clear of the current limitations of mobile devices.

The mobile communications industry itself should have known better but then data is a new thing and everyone was looking for a way to make it successful to get Circuit Switched Data traffic up and make information services a success finally. Some pundits are joking that the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) really should be renamed Where Are the Phones! Network operators and retailers are finding it hard to get large volumes of working WAP phones.

Unfortunately, mention of customers has been neglected in the whole WAP story - the phones, tariffs, service configuration and provisioning, service access and all other elements of the value chain have been disregarded. For example

· It is very difficult to configure WAP phones for new WAP services, with 0 or so different parameters needing to be entered to gain access to a WAP service. Only the Nokia 7110 can be programmed over the air to take the burden of WAP service configuration away from the user. This is described in details for the Nokia 7110 and Motorola L series in the new edition of Data on WAP, published by Mobile Streams in December 1. Many operators are working with phone manufacturers to receive their WAP phones with their WAP Gateway settings preprogrammed.· WAP is a protocol that runs on top of an underlying bearer. None of the existing GSM bearers for WAP - the Short Message Service (SMS), Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) and Circuit Switched Data (CSD) are optimized for WAP. The forthcoming General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) with its immediacy and packet transport and new tariffing models is a more ideal bearer. The TDMA standards body designed a new bearer called GUTS especially for use with WAP services.· WAP services are expected to be expensive to use since the tendency is to be on-line for a long Circuit Switched Data (CSD) call since features such as interactivity and selection of more information are used by the end user. It takes several short messages to send one piece of information through WAP. Without specific tariff initiatives, there are likely to be some bill-shocked and surprised WAP users when they see their mobile phone bill for the first time after starting using WAP, even if their user experience was good.· The WAP standard is incomplete, with key elements such as Push (proactive sending of information to mobile devices) and wireless telephony (updating address reports and the like) not yet standardized (they will be standardized in WAP 1., due for standardization in late 1 and first implementation in Spring 000). Proprietary push protocols from the likes of Phone.com could complicate implementation of Push.· There are many WAP Gateway vendors out there competing against each other with largely the same standardized product. This has led to consolidation such as the pending acquisition of APiON by Phone.com.· Other protocols such as SIM Application Toolkit and Mobile Station Application Execution Environment (MExE) are respectively already widely supported or designed to supercede WAP. It will be interesting to see how all these protocols handle convergence with the forthcoming new open Internet standard XML.

It might have been better to wait until WAP 1. and GPRS are implemented before launching WAP services commercially. Plans for updating the WAP 1.1 phones that are now being sold to WAP 1. are unclear. Have these issues even been considered? We think we know why customers have been ignored by the WAP Forum having attended the proceedings at the WAP Forums meeting in London in the summer of 1. The WAP Forum is divided into Experts Groups who sit around and discuss arcane technical details in mind numbing detail. You might think that the Marketing Experts Group would be interested in customers and keeping the proceedings customer centric but no, it turns out that all they are interested in is how many press articles have been written about WAP. We didnt hear the word customer once during the proceedings.

We certainly think that WAP WILL BE important to enable the smooth transition from one bearer to another such as the migration of existing applications to GPRS. We are certainly at a crossroads in mobile communications as we move from voice to non-voice centric services. We have a lot to learn from WAP and other services. Within 18 months, all new mobile phones will support WAP, but how many subscribers will there be?Please note that this sample paper on Short Message Service: What, How and Where? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Short Message Service: What, How and Where?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Short Message Service: What, How and Where? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Never Ever Give up

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As I sit here reminising of the days with my father, I realize just how of an amazing man he was. He possessed wisdom, passion, intelligence, and so much more. He had it all, but his health.

Throughout my life he was always there, whether it was a track meet, beta, award ceremony, or anything. He was there whenever, wherever, for whatever.

He taught me so much. He taught me aabout pain, lov, grace, and never giving up.....ever.

Although his fight ended on may 11,00, I know he is here with me always. i only hope I can be half the parent to my children as he was to me.

He fought his way through one surgery, two surgeries, three surgeries, and then two more surgeries. Then he made it through a lung surgery and a gal bladder surgery. He took twelve pills a day, coffed up blood, came close to cardiac arrest atleat once a week, and had atleast one blood transfusion a month. All my life all I ever knew of my dad was him with an illness. I came to accept the fact that he might be gone one day, atleast I thought I had accepted it. Now that it actually happened, I cant acceept it. I wish I had appreciated him more while he was here. Before he died he always said I would understand him when he was gone. I thought he was crazy. Now I realize just how right he was.

The doctors never could figure him out. They said he would die all his life. It must have been every five weeks, they gave him a new diagnoses. We went through so much drama with that stuff. Even after his death, his doctors or nurses would call and ask for him. When I told them he had passed, they would freak out. One woman started crying. I felt so bad for her. It made me realize how much he affected other peoples lives.Please note that this sample paper on Never Ever Give up is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Never Ever Give up, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Never Ever Give up will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cannibis, Shoud It be Legalised?

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Cannabis Should it be Legal or Not?

The debate of legalizing cannabis is a social debate which every individual has his/her own opinion,Who is right?The outcome of this couldnt possibly please everyone.Below are the most common arguements for both sides for legalizing cannabis.

AGAINST

Some of the most popular arguements against legalizing cannabis are that people under the influence of the drug act out of order and it is a doorway drug to harsher more dangerous drug use. Also crime rates will increase and the drug will be readily available to the countrys youth. The drug is also dangerous and causes lung cancer.

FOR

On the other hand the arguements for the legalizing cannabis are that the influence of the drug makes the user more creative and lowers their stress levels.Also according to certain campaigns it will eliminate the need for smuggling and dealers on the streets, and will decrease the crime rate. Cannabis has medical values like MS sufferrers as it can decrease the symtoms of the disease and decreases the pain level, and no one has ever died from smoking cannabis.

MY OPINION

Personally i believe that cannabis should not be an over-the-counter drug,for varoius reasons. One being that if cannabis was legalized it would make it harder for serious users to become clean, also younger youths would become users due to it being easier to obtain. This drug should be used for medical purposes only because then it is used in the correct amount and properly maybe ease people with termonal diseases to help them have a slightly better quality of life and not just for a persons own personal pleas

Please note that this sample paper on Cannibis, Shoud It be Legalised? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cannibis, Shoud It be Legalised?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Cannibis, Shoud It be Legalised? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Lease lines

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A private communications channel leased from a common carrier. It can be ordered in pairs, providing a four-wire channel for full-duplex transmission (dial-up system provides only two-wire lines). To improve line quality, it canalso be conditioned. (Freedman, 001, p.0)

Two types of Leased Lines are usually offered, Analogue Leased Lines and Digital Leased Lines. Digital Leased Lines offering is more flexible than Analogue Leased Lines in terms of bandwidth, and reaches much higher bandwidth than Analogue Leased Lines. Digital Leased Lines also offer a better quality of service. (Mpt, 000)

¡°Point-to-point leased line technology is well understood and very reliable. An organization can count on steady, uninterrupted bandwidth and low, predictable delay between two sites when it installs a leased line¡± (Feit, 1, p.11).

However, leased lines have a number of disadvantages. They are costly to set up. Monthly charges are proportional to distance and are substantial. The cost of a fully meshed network is very steep if the sites are far from one another (Feit, 1, p.11)

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Value Added Network Facilities (VAN)

A value-added network (VAN) is a private network provider (sometimes called a turnkey communications line) that is hired by a company to facilitate electronic data interchange (EDI) or provide other network services. (SearchNetworking, 00)

Before the arrival of the World Wide Web, some companies hired value-added networks to move data from their company to other companies. With the arrival of the World Wide Web, many companies found it more cost-efficient to move their data over the Internet instead of paying the minimum monthly fees and per-character charges found in typical VAN contracts. In response, contemporary value-added network providers now focus on offering EDI translation, encryption, secure e-mail, management reporting, and other extra services for their customers. (SearchNetworking, 00)Please note that this sample paper on Lease lines is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lease lines, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Lease lines will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The difference between people of the 6th century and today

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There are many similarities between the people of the 6th century and the people of today. Though civilization was completely different, the emotions and actions of the people of the 6th century have remained the same. In the beginning of Beowulf, it is understood that Hrothgar built a mead hall called Heorot. This was a place for the people of his kingdom to get together, share drinks, and entertain each other. While in the mead hall, the song of Gods creation angered Grendel. Grendel, being a decedent of Cane, began killing because he did not agree with what the others believed. This kind of behavior has a direct relationship with the present. People today will riot, beat, and kill people who disagree with what they believe. All to often, innocent people are killed for exercising their right of freedom of speech. However, that is only one of the bad characteristics that were passed on to society today. In the time of Beowulf, It was important to be known. In order for people to be respected and have a good reputation, a person had to be brave, strong, fearless, and powerful. Unfortunately, reputations today are branded upon people good or bad, which somehow entitles a person to form a lasting impression and feel like they know whom you are. With that said, everyone trying to be the best, of course, becomes jealous. When Beowulf arrived to defeat Grendel, Unferth wanted the others to believe that Beowulf would be unsuccessful due to a swimming match against Breca. It is interesting that being as religious as they are; there was still a great deal of envy and boastfulness. It is sad to think that the popularity contest and the narrow-minded people date back to the 6th century.

Please note that this sample paper on The difference between people of the 6th century and today is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The difference between people of the 6th century and today, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The difference between people of the 6th century and today will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Chemistry Definitions

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1. Periodic table

a. Table that shows all the elements, and many of their properties.

b. Table that shows all the elements, and many of their properties.

c.

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. Elements

a. basic unit of matter any substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler one by a chemical reaction. Elements consist of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei, and occur naturally on Earth.

b. One of natural substances that cannot be broken down any simpler.

c.

. Molicules

a. the smallest physical unit of a substance that can exist independently, consisting of one or more atoms held together by chemical forces

b. smallest part of a substance, many atoms held together.

c.

4. Physical property

a. a property of an object that can distinguish it form others.

b. a property of an object that can distinguish it form others.

c.

5. Chemical property

a. a property of a chemical that can distinguish it from others.

b. a property of a chemical that can distinguish it from others.

c.

6. Atomic number

a. the number that atoms are organized by in the periodic table of elements, and it is also the number of protons in an atom.

b. the number that atoms are organized by in the periodic table of elements, and it is also the number of protons in an atom.

c.

7. Atomic Mass

a. the mass of an atom

b. the mass of an atom

c.

8. Valance electrons

a. the chemical combining power of atoms or groups measured by the number of electrons the atom or group will receive, give up, or share in forming a compound

b. the combined power of two atoms.

c.

. Bohr diagram

a. Model to diagram an atoms structure.

b. Model to diagram an atoms structure.

c.

10. Lewis Structure

a. The Lewis structure of a covalent compound or polyatomic ion shows how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule to show the connectivity of the atoms.

b. Model that's shows valence electrons

c.

Please note that this sample paper on Chemistry Definitions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Chemistry Definitions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Chemistry Definitions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Quee

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Superman

Day after day, the clock above Sonny's head slowly ticks, "Tick… tock… tick… tock." The prisoner's weary eyes, blood-shot red from endless days of travail, are aching in need of rest. His only possession is the faded picture of his 5-year old wife, Nikki, preciously holding their 11-month old son, John.

On a dark and lonely night, Sonny reaches into his back pocket for this wrinkled, seven-year old photo. As Sonny dreamily gazes at this picture, a drop of blood from the gash on his cheek falls like a raindrop on the edge of the photo. Weakly, he holds the photo up to the small beam of moonlight scattered from the bars toward the top of the solid wall. The unforgettable past flashes into his vulnerable mind, and the crying of words from his wife, "Don't go! Don't go!" races to his head. Then the nightmares of his capture in the Vietnam War come to life in this daze of unconsciousness. As Sonny snaps out of this frightening flashback, his hand holding the photo shakes of fear and pure lifelessness. To Sonny, these bars surrounding him were not just keeping him away from freedom, but from the life he's missing with his family.

With a pencil quivering in Sonny's right hand, and a tattered piece of paper in his left, he begins to write a letter with every last drop of strength in his arms. It reads…

Dear Johnny Boy,

It is December , 171, two days before Christmas, and three days before your eighth birthday. Time flies, days pass, and my heart keeps beating. There was not a single day that has gone by in this prison that I didn't want to end my life. This might be hard for you to understand, but one interesting lesson I learned during this seven-year period of isolation was hope. First, you gain it, and then it keeps increasing until you reach the point when you decide that hope won't do any good in prison. Second, everything you ever hoped for is lost in one split second. Soon, your reason for breathing fades away. I have gone through this cycle constantly, and the only reason why I pick up myself to start all over again, is you. I don't have any possessions or presents that I can give you for Christmas, but the only gift I can give to you, is my appreciation for you rescuing me during the winter of my life. Thank you.Please note that this sample paper on Quee is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Quee, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Quee will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Othello

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Beginning with the opening lines of the play, Othello remains at a distance from much of the action that concerns and affects him. Roderigo and Iago refer ambiguously to a he or him for much of the first scene. When they begin to specify whom they are talking about, especially once they stand beneath Brabanzios window, they do so with racial epithets, not names. These include the Moor (I.i.57), the thick-lips (I.i.66), an old black ram (I.i.88), and a Barbary horse (I.i.11). Although Othello appears at the beginning of the second scene, we do not hear his name until well into Act I, scene iii (I.iii.48).

Othello is, in one sense of the word, by far the most romantic figure among Shakespeares heroes; and he is so partly from the strange life of war and adventure which he has lived from childhood.

Othello is an accomplished, experienced man of the world in his own estimation and in the eyes of the Venetian society; not only has he seen much in his career as a military leader, he is able to convey that experience to others. Defending himself to the Duke against Brabantios charges, Othello says of his first encounters with the aggrieved senators daughter

Beginning with the opening lines of the play, Othello remains at a distance from much of the action that concerns and affects him. Roderigo and Iago refer ambiguously to a he or him for much of the first scene. When they begin to specify whom they are talking about, especially once they stand beneath Brabanzios window, they do so with racial epithets, not names. These include the Moor (I.i.57), the thick-lips (I.i.66), an old black ram (I.i.88), and a Barbary horse (I.i.11). Although Othello appears at the beginning of the second scene, we do not hear his name until well into Act I, scene iii (I.iii.48).

Othello is, in one sense of the word, by far the most romantic figure among Shakespeares heroes; and he is so partly from the strange life of war and adventure which he has lived from childhood.

Othello is an accomplished, experienced man of the world in his own estimation and in the eyes of the Venetian society; not only has he seen much in his career as a military leader, he is able to convey that experience to others. Defending himself to the Duke against Brabantios charges, Othello says of his first encounters with the aggrieved senators daughterPlease note that this sample paper on othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on othello, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Big Blackout

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Never can Escape Work

On August 14th, on the day of the biggest blackout recorded in the United States, I was working. I work at Chianti IL Restaurant, in Saratoga Springs. It is one of the major restaurants in Saratoga.

I was working in the back of the restaurant, and suddenly the lights turned off, and than a minute later the lights turned on again. I thought to my self that it was just a malfunction, but than it happened again, and continued to do it about 5 more times. At this time our security alarm was going off, our cooks were mad because they could not prep there food because nothing worked, and everyone was wondering what was going on.

Than suddenly the power turned back on, but only at half power, than 10 minutes later we were back to full power, this occurrence all happened an hour before the restaurant opened, so there were no customers in the restaurant at this time. Everyone in my work just thought it was a local power outage, nothing significant. One waiter thought a car hit an electric pole, while other people thought squirrels bit through an electrical line.

Cheap college papers on The Big Blackout

So I went on with my work duties, and when I went outside to go get something from my car, I saw that all the traffic lights were not working, and everyone in there cars were frustrated and angry because the traffic was not progressing smoothly. I went next door to Stewarts to buy a drink, and there power was off, and they were giving out free ice cream because there freezers weren't working. I than went across the street to Dunkin Donuts to get a bagel, and there power was off also. My work than called there other restaurant to see if they had power, and they did not.

We were the only restaurant in town with power. All of the employees were angry because they wanted to get sent home. The cooks turned on the radio while they were prepping food, and that is when all of us found out what was happening. The radio announcer told us that there was a power outage from Canada, to Detroit, all the way down pass New York City. August 14th was the busiest day my work ever had, we had a hour wait, people were waiting, inside, outside, and all around the building. Please note that this sample paper on The Big Blackout is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Big Blackout, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on The Big Blackout will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Biology: Insulin.

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Insulin is a protein hormone secreted from the Beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is produced when there is a high level of sugar in the blood, insulin acts on cells in the body to help reduce blood sugar levels. Diabetics, who suffer from lack of insulin production, must rely on technology to produce insulin. Using Recombinant DNA Technology is one way artificial insulin can be produced. The processes for isolating and producing large amounts of insulin require specific enzymes, other bacteria and of course sophisticated technology. In this project, we 'll be discussing terms such as Restriction Enzymes they are specific proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Providing the right conditions they 'cut' DNA strands at specific locations, usually between the Guanine (G) and Adenine (A) bases. Restriction enzymes recognise specific sequences of DNA, and cut at these points. Similarly, another enzyme, called DNA Ligase, will also be discussed. The enzyme Ligase joins pieces of double stranded DNA at their sugar-phosphate backbones. The bonds that form here are strong (covalent) bonds. When isolating and cloning the gene - ligase, restriction enzymes and a vector, such as a plasmid found in bacteria, are used. A Vector (plasmid), is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. Because bacteria multiply in large amounts by binary fission, they're used to manufacture and clone large amounts of insulin in a short amount of time, as the vector will have the insulin gene inserted. Thus cloning the insulin gene also. JOINING DNA FRAGMENTS

In gene manipulation, the joining of pieces of DNA with sticky ends to make one circular piece is sometimes required. The enzyme LIGASE (pic 71) joins pieces of double stranded DNA at their sugar-phosphate backbones. The bonds that form are strong (covalent) bonds.

TRANSPORTING DNA INTO CELL

School papers on Biology: Insulin.

Special carriers or vectors can transport DNA fragments into cells, such as bacteria. One example of a vector is a small circular DNA molecule, called a plasmid, found in bacteria. Under certain conditions plasmids can cross cell membranes and enter a cell. When it moves from outside to inside, it carries any passenger DNA which has been joined to it.Please note that this sample paper on Biology: Insulin. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Biology: Insulin., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Biology: Insulin. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pharmacology

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The study of the poison effects drugs have in the body

The act of preparing and dispensing medication by pharmacist and their staff

The study of the processes each drug undergoes. (ADME = Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion)

The study of the mechanism of action of a drug (how drugs work)

Where drug goes straight to the liver, and is broken down less of the drug actually makes it to the desired site of action

Sublingual Buccal

Vaginally Sub Q

Inhalation IV

Transdermal IM

Intraocular Topical

Percent of the drug that makes into the blood stream

Amount of time it takes to eliminate 50% of drug from the body

Mixing things in the same syringe, container and it crystalizes

Diluents addes to powder form to make solution with drug in it.

Cheek

Under the tounge

Highest risk = significant risk to the mother and fetus

Use MAY cause harm to the fetus, but may benefit the mother

Animal studies have shown a risk to the fetus

Animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus

Lowest risk studies have not shown any risk to the fetus

Powder or liquid inside a gelatin-like container

Capsule in which each pellet has a polymer coating with different thicknesses, to allow for release at different times

Medication in water and alcohol. This increases the solubility of drugs, making them work faster.

Tabs are breakable and have a low pH, making them acidic. Enteric coated tabs are very basic with a high pH.

Meds in liquid sugar.

Meds that are released by sucking

Semi-solid mixture that contains medication in a WATER SOLUBLE base. (frequent application usually required)

Placed on the skin, a semipermeable membrane is present between the patch and the skin that contains the medication that is usually released over a 4 hour period; the dosage released depends on the concentration of the patch.

Semi-solid preparation of medication in an OILY base, the base being petrolatum. Oily in texture but makes for good, long skin contact that is not easily removed.

1. Creams

. Ointments

. Lotions

4. Powders

5. Patches

6. Astringents

7. Shampoos

1. Tablets

. Capsules

. Lozenges

4. Elixers

5. Suspensions

6. Syrups

1. Drug - Drug

. Drug Disease

. Drug Food/Drink

4. Disease Food/Drink

When one drug increases or decreses the effect of another drug or both drugs.

When a drug interferes with the pathophysiology of a disease.

When food/drink increasesPlease note that this sample paper on Pharmacology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pharmacology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Pharmacology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Info on stuff

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on info on stuff. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality info on stuff paper right on time.

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James

Clergy A body of officials who perform religious servuses such as priests, ministers, or rabbis. The pope was the head of the church. The priests served as the main contact with the church. The priests were the lowest ranking members of the clergy

Divine right Absolute monarchy believed in divine right. The idea that god created monarchy and that monarchy was its representatives on earth and are there for answerable only to god. This idea was not new to the 16th century.

Enlightenment in Buddhism a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe. Siddhartha wandered through the forests of India for six's years trying to gain enlightenment or wisdom. He fasted, eating only six's grains of rice each day and he sat in meditation for 4 days and achieved an understanding of suffering in this universe from then on he was known as Buddha.

Feudalism For safety and for defense, people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master. Most people lived on a manor, which consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and the surrounding farm land. These manors were isolated, with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.

Gothic in the early 1100s, a new style of architecture, known as gothic, evolved. The term gothic comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths. It described the particular church architecture that spread throughout the middle ages unlike the gloomy churches gothic churches were thrust upward as if reaching towered heaven.

Hieroglyphics In AD 1 the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I closed all pagan temples throughout the empire. This action terminated a four thousand year old tradition and the message of the ancient Egyptian language was lost for 1500 years. It was not until the discovery of the Rosetta stone and the work of Jean-Francois Champlain (170-18) that the Ancient Egyptians awoke from their long slumber.

Iroquois The original homeland of the Iroquois was in upstate New York between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. Through conquest and migration, they gained control of most of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. At its maximum in 1680, their empire extended west from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; then north following the Illinois River to the south end of Lake Michigan; east across all of lower Michigan, southern Ontario and adjacent parts of southwestern Quebec; and finally south through northern New England west of the Connecticut River through the Hudson and upper Delaware Valleys across Pennsylvania back to the Chesapeake.Please note that this sample paper on info on stuff is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on info on stuff, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on info on stuff will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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