Gifts of the jews

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BOOK REVIEW

Thomas Cayhill's The Gift Of the Jews

Chapter 1

The book begins by commenting on the written word, which was carved in Sumer of Uruk, the world's first civilization and perhaps earliest city. It is stated that this writing "invention" came out of necessity to be able to keep and reference accounts and transactions. Thus, written symbols took the place of human memory. When reading further into this chapter and getting some insight into the Sumerian people, I can now somewhat understand their desire to improve recording methods and account summaries. Cayhill praises the Sumerians by describing their relatively "sophisticated" lifestyle. They were advanced in the areas of farming, mathematics, husbandry, and medicine, as well as possessing many other skills and talents. Overall, the Sumerians are described as practical and down-to-earth businesspeople.

This chapter brings up an interesting and ironical point that although the Sumerians, "the black-headed people" invented writing, the instrument that makes history possible, they themselves had no sense of history. Partly because of this, Sumerian stories and tales miss the sense of development that has become the norm in all modern works. Cayhill relates their story-telling techniques to a young child repeating a joke they heard, yet the punch-line is of no importance to them and usually there isn't one. Aside from their lousy literary structure, Cayhill says that we today enjoy these stories because we can associate some of our emotions with theirs, and therefore feel closer to them.

A solid portion of the chapter is dedicated to summarizing a Sumerian work that has perhaps impacted our culture more than any of their other literatures. The story is called the Epic of Gilgamesh, a legend of a hero called Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk during the third millennium B.C. This story begins with a piece of poetry that describes and glamorizes the city of Uruk. The story includes themes of loneliness, friendship, love, teamwork, lust, and other important topics that surround our culture today. Towards the end, Gilgamesh loses his dear friend Enkidu and, after seven days of grieving, he sets out to obtain the secret of immortality. The epic concludes when Gilgamesh finally finds the only mortal man who has been granted immortality (Ut-napishtim, who is the model for the biblical Noah) who offers him some advice that Cayhill believes to be the main lesson of this work. In short, Gilgamesh is told that no matter how hard he tries, he will not be able to avoid or escape death. He is advised by the alewife to enjoy life while he is still alive, to appreciate the things he has and those around him.

The chapter concludes with Cayhill describing similarities and differences between Sumerian qualities and those of our society today. He also says that portions of the Hebrew Bible have evolved from Sumerian times, emphasizing the tail of the primordial flood and the ark that preserved life.

Chapter

Chapter two begins by mentioning a topic that was discussed briefly during one of our lectures, which involves the idea that so many of the major aspects of our world move in a circular fashion. Namely, primitive humans looked to heaven and saw what Cayhill calls the "wheel of life," which revolved around the "hub of death." Cayhill mentions that a work was recently found in Australia that is perhaps the earliest human art, about 75,000 years old. This piece consists of a series of circles which in Cayhill's mind, acknowledges the patter of the "ever-turning wheel." Animals are mentioned which were thought to be earth animals manifested by the moon, or, "moon-creatures." These include a snake, spider, bull, oyster with its pearl, snail, and a bear. Cayhill explains that however illogical it may seem to us, these theories produced by primitive man are the same as our attempts to fine some truth out there.

Cayhill then goes into the "begettings" of Terah, who are made up by Avram (Abraham), Nahor and Haran. He then goes into the journey of Terah, Avram, Lot and Sarai. They left from Ur of the Chaldeans, and set out for Canaan. However, they settled in the land of Harran, where Terah died. The question is brought up as to whether or not these citizens of Ur planned to settle in Harran instead of Canaan. The justification for such an argument lies in the fact that Terah and his family were well established int eh land of Ur. Why would they want to leave that for Canaan, a land where the people ate their meat raw and did not know how to bury their dead. Regardless of the intent, Cayhill moves on to include the excerpt of a voice coming to Avram, which probably took place in Harran. After being blessed and promised a great nation, Avram, along with Sarai and Lot, set out for Canaan. Cayhill brings up a point that no matter how far away they travel from their original home, their Sumerian heritage went with. Cayhill then relates this to an insight that everyone can take away from this. Avram, Sarai and Lot "could no more escape this mind-set of their culture any more than we can escape ours. The lesson, in my eyes, is that things do not change overnight. One cannot leave a place and expect to rid himself/herself of all that he wants to leave behind. This perspective of the Sumerian includes, as mentioned earlier, the emphasis on and importance of business. Another viewpoint, stated well by Ut-napishtim and other Sumerian proverbs, revolves around the selfishness and impurity of man. "Man behaves badly," and "Never has a sinless child been born."

After the death of Terah, the remaining three set out on their journey. Avram is described as a childless man who is sent by his god to make his "great nation," although he does not know where he's headed. Cayhill then depicts him as the chosen leader who must emerge from the people, who know that everything ends in death, and teach them to dream of something new in the future. It is mentioned that virtually every population of peoples would have scorned Avram's attempts and shook their heads in disbelief.

Chapter

In the beginning of chapter three, Cahill does his best to encapsulate the power of God. All dialogue between God and human is initiated by God. "This God" is not the main character of a myth, nor is he a typical "ancient divinity" or "achetypal gesturer." Rather, he is an actual personality who has, by changing the course of life as humans know it, made life and everything that surrounds it, unpredictable.

Please note that this sample paper on gifts of the jews is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gifts of the jews, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on gifts of the jews will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era

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Since the Revolutionary War, Americans have been fighting for the freedom and basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not surprising that women took part in this continuing battle for rights during the Progressive Era, an time in American History distinguished by it spirit of reform and betterment. The most notable attempts to gain rights for women came from the "woman movement" and the feminist movement, both of this time period. Although the approaches by which the "woman movement" and the feminists undertook in seeking out equality were different, they were each successful in their own right.

Out of this Progressive Era mood of reforms and change came the "woman movement". The movement was mostly made up of middle class women that believed women were by nature, caretakers and therefore better at making social decisions. Social Housekeeping" was best preformed by women since it was they that possessed the "special, even superior, traits as guardians of family and morality" needed to better the ills of society. They fought to establish an identity for women as social workers and the right to vote was necessary to ensure their accreditation as members in society. Women of this movement and time felt responsible for the duties of reform and the morality of society. The right to vote was critical to the "woman movement" since it would provide the means to achieve additional reforms.

Forming social groups and organizations helped this movement bring credit and success to their notion.

Without the right to vote, these women needed a means of accomplishing "social housekeeping" and formed literary and educational organizations that could serve an a voice for their views on public affairs and social issues. They worked for reforms and improvements in child labor, housing improvements, education, consumer protection and racial equality. Such activists as Jane Addams and Florence Kelly worked to improve the lives of women in slums by providing education, art appreciation, better wages and better housing. One group that came about as a result of the movement was the National Association of Colored Women, whose goal was to establish nurseries, kindergartens and retirement homes. Because black women were barred from political participation of any kind, they worked independently collecting donations door-to-door for their own cause and communities. They focused on programs that supported the advancement of young black women and the protection of these women from sexual exploitation. Social reform groups also came out of the Black Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) churches. One of the most important accomplishments of the woman movement besides the significant reforms they accomplished was the new profession it created for women as social workers. Once a male dominated career, women were now seen as capable of performing social work.

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As the movement continued into the 100's, feminists emerged with a different goal in mind. Feminists sought to organize women together and focus on the woman as an individual with rights as opposed to the goal of the "woman movement" to correct the ills of society. Their movement was based on the "rights and self-development" of women. It was about giving women control over their bodies and minds. It called for women to unite together and work towards fighting "gender-based distinctions". Notable leaders include Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, leaders of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The NWSA focused on using politics to accomplish their goal of suffrage. They lobbied politicians to introduce legislation but were unsuccessful due to opposing politician that claimed " suffrage would interfere with women's family obligations". Sex rights and birth control issues were raised by Margaret Sanger after she began distributing literature and information on birth control to poor women and middle class women. Later feminists, led by Harriet Stanton Blatch, continued the fight for the right to vote, persuading women it was their responsibility to help each other and that by voting they would "promote and protect women's economic roles."

These feminist organizations, similar to the woman movement, had outlets to influence and demonstrate their views. They would launch writing campaigns, sending thousands of letters to politicians and society figures. They held public meetings and rallies with marching bands that gained a great deal of attention from the public. They used publications from their organizations for the distribution of their materials or distribution of their information. Most importantly, instead of public affairs, feminists used politics to publicize their goals.

Ultimately, it was the roles women played during World War I as nurses, volunteers, factory laborers and municipal workers that convinced politicians and the federal government of their right to vote. The right to vote came in 10 with the passing of the 1th amendment. It would take decades, however, until women would achieve social acceptance and still remains unaccomplished in some regards. Although it has been eighty-three years since the fight for suffrage was won, some feel as though women have not reached an equal status in society and for them, the fight must continue. Please note that this sample paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Legal studies : family law

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Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal system in responding to changing community values in terms of achieving justice for family members

• History has shown, women being inferior, and submissive to men. They have relied on them for monetary�financial support and social status. There was no notion of the equality of sexes, and men held the dominant position in society. This was also the case in marriages, and consequently had various emotional, physical and mental affects on family members.

• Over time, society's values and beliefs have changed. New morals and ethics have been adopted due to catalysts such as, new philosophies and phenomenal outbreaks which have changed the community's views. The legal system has therefore responded to these changing community values, in order to achieve justice for family members.

• The concept of the equality of sexes has consequently changed the foundation of marriages and relationships, especially in relation to that of family members. Women are no longer seen as inferior, weak objects but rather, are able to stand on their own feet both financial and emotionally, and do not undergoes the burdens of post 1st century.

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• This creates a more equal balance in the relationship, and may leave a more stable and pleasant outlook for the family members. Due to the fact that more women are working, it generally takes away that financial burden placed on the shoulders of the husband which leads to disputes.

• However this is not in correlation with figures, which show that the divorce rate has elevated to an all time high, in this century. Marriages are broken up due to insignificant reasons, which in the past would have been dealt with. This hence, shows the changing community values on marriage. Marriage is no longer an obligation for life, and can be broken at any time, due to various legislations and acts which have been put in place.

• The instability in marriages has significant detrimental effects on the children, who have been conceived as a result of the marriage. Problems associated with custody, and various complications with the law, all leave the children in a position of insecurity and can have negative implications and side effects.

• The media has acted as a major catalyst for these changes that have been brought about as a result of changing community values.

• The concept of family has been further broadened with the NSW parliament passing the Property (relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1 on 1 June. This Act amends the De Facto Relationships Act 184, extending the rights given to heterosexual couples to same sex couples and people in domestic relationships e.g. carers. The de facto relationships Act 184 has been renamed the property Relationship Act 184. The legislation amends a range of other Acts and influences the division of property on relationship breakdown, inheritance, decision-making in the event of death, compensation, stamp duty and amendments to superannuation law at the federal level. Such changes will certainly affect the way the law views the concept of a family. (put this in ur own words, its from the book!)

• There has been a growing rate of single-parent families in Australia, due to the growing number of teenage girls who have been sexually irresponsible and have fallen pregnant. In actual statistical terms, single parent families' account for less than 0% of single parent families, the majority are formed by families affected by divorce, separation or because of the death of a partner. Access to the legal system and legal services for single parent families may be inadequate due to factors such as; isolation, both geographically and socially, perceived costs of legal services, ignorance of the law and legal services, and the fear of being labeled or accused. This lack of access to the legal services creates an ineffectiveness in the legal system, in achieving justice for family members.

• However, the government provides financial assistance to single parent families, through the social security system, which is their source of financial existence. This is effective to some extent, however recently, governments have become increasingly less welfare oriented. Social security laws have become more severe and politicians, as well as the media have been targeting this group. Social security legislation and welfare agencies continue to be responsible for the well-being of people belonging to this family group.

• Effective measures which have been taken to achieve justice for such family members are schemes such as the Child support scheme, which was introduced in July 18, which was introduced to enforce maintenance orders on those parents who did not have residence orders. Also, centrelink and the child support agency will help single parents gain child support payments if their ex-partners are failing to make payments.

• The legal system has been effective to an extent and ineffective in other aspects in achieving justice for family members. Although there is the court systems, parliamentary groups, lobby groups (add more in if u can think of any) in which individuals can access, there are limits faced to general members in our community who have a lack of access to the legal system, and face difficulties due to resource efficiency. Please note that this sample paper on Legal studies : family law is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Legal studies : family law, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Legal studies : family law will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Othello

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The Heart's Battle Between Good and Evil

In Shakespeare's "Othello", the reader is presented with the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. Immediately the reader is led to believe the two main characters are the opposite of each other. Othello being honorable, trustworthy and moral, who seeks to stop conflict. Iago being deceptive, cunning and immoral, who revels in conflict. One critic wrote that Iago had a "sense of coolness, the coolness of a preconceiving experimenter" (Coleridge 40).

This is all first evident when Iago and Roderigo awaken Brabantia and inform him of the marriage of his daughter to Othello. The play revolves around the malicious acts of Iago, his evil plans of making himself better than Othello. Iago conceives a plan to make Othello doubtful and unsure of his wife Desdemona.

Othello is known for his great bravery and experience as a soldier, described by the Duke as "Valiant Othello". He is proud of his profession and believes that his reputation as a soldier is an important part of his noble position. Othello shows great love and devotion to his wife Desdemona, the one truly good natured character in the play. She is honest, innocent and unsuspecting. Coleridge claims there exists an "over zeal of innocence in Desdemona" (48). Othello truly loves Desdemona with all his heart. Coleridge remarks that Othello was an "enthusiastic admirer, almost worshipper, of Desdemona" (46). Othello's love is demonstrated through the huge amount of jealousy he bares after Iago fuels suspicions that she has been seeing Cassio.

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Iago is a sly and manipulative character who is driven by hate and jealousy. He gives the reader an indication that he is not what he seems to be in the early stages of the play. Iago is a bitter and disappointed man who openly admits he is a self-serving deceiver. The literary critic, A.C. Bradley, expresses that "such a deception would be a thing so monstrously wicked that he can hardly conceive it credible" (16). He has an obvious hatred for Othello. This hatred began because Othello chose Cassio, a foreigner, to be his Lieutenant resigning Iago to the position of his Ancient. This led to Iago's angry of jealousy erupting and the tragedies of the play beginning. He believes those who have wounded him personally and professionally should suffer. To the reader Iago appears to be an extremely disturbed person who is at peace with no one. Bradley acknowledges that Iago was an "exceptionally noble and trustworthy man, but endured the shock of a terrible disillusionment" (147). He has a hatred of humanity and an apparent desire to destroy the lives of those around him, including his wife Emilia. He holds her with little regard and is disrespectful and demeaning to her.

As the play progresses we see a turning point in Othello's behavior. Guided by Iago, he slowly changes onto the side of evil, which is seen most clearly in what is known as the Temptation Scene. He has been drawn into Iago's web of deceit and he believes every persuasive word Iago tells him. Iago is clever and never openly speaks of Desdemona's "unfaithfulness until he is sure he has Othello trapped in his deceiving lie. Iago's extreme evil can also be seen here. He is manipulating Othello's mind and emotions; pointly telling him his wife has been having sexual relations with Cassio. This suggestion puts Othello in such an emotional turmoil that he is lost in a trance. Bradley concludes

There is no subject more exciting than sexual jealousy rising to the pitch of passion; and there can hardly be any spectacle at once so engrossing and so painful as that of a great nature suffering torment of this passion, and driven by it to a crime which is also a hideous blunder. (14)

Iago's control over Othello is so strong that he convinces him to consider killing Desdemona.

The way in which Othello decides to kill his wife is profoundly touching, as to how and the location. He suffocates her with a pillow, no blood or pain in their bedroom, a place of intimacy where he loved her the most. This only repeatedly shows his love for her, demonstrating that he killed her purely out of revenge, not wishing for her to suffer. Desdemona's lifeless body was discovered by Emilia. It is at this point that Iago's web of deceit begins to unfold. Emilia reveals all of Iago's schemes to Othello, who, full of remorse, takes his own life. After Iago discovers that Emilia has betrayed him, he kills her, further showing his true evilness. He then flees, only to be caught and brought to justice.

There is no question that Iago is an evil, scheming manipulator, who is the root cause of deaths to good characters in the play. Iago exploits the other characters in the play to work specifically toward his goal of revenge. He clearly has no remorse for his actions and gleams in the win of revenge over Othello. Othello is a truly a person of good character and heart. His deep love of Desdemona is portrayed throughout the play. Othello, unfortunately, let's the lies of men and the jealousy in his mind get to best of him. Bradley concludes that

Such jealousy as Othello's converts human nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man; and it does this in relation to one of the most intense and also the most ideal of human feelings.

The play reflects upon the question of how can a good person turn into an evil individual? The strong physical emotions and the way human minds can be molded with like putty can be one way to explain the decisions made by Othello and Iago and possible

offer an explanation of the tragedies of "Othello".

Works Cited

Coleridge, Samuel. Shakespearean Criticism. London J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 160.

Bradley, A.C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Ballantine Books, 18.Please note that this sample paper on othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on othello, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Globalization

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Globalization. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Globalization paper right on time.

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Introduction

Globalisation is defined by the IMF (The International Monetary Fund) as the increasing integration of economies around the world, predominantly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labour) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. The term globalisation has come into common usage since the 180s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and faster to complete international transactions. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

Understanding globalisation

Globalisation can be understood as having economic, political and cultural dimensions where companies are selling products the same way throughout the world, treating it as a single market. It is the process of business structuring in a worldwide market; creating growth and profit opportunities in production and distribution. Globalisation can also be seen as the process of rapid economic integration between countries, and increasing international trade and foreign investment has further driven it. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

Do my essay on GlobalizationCheap research paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge"

fortify city of Pisa during war time.

It has been 500 years since Leonardo da Vinci recorded his thoughts and designs in

notebooks for us to marvel at, and within these notebooks I am interested in the "Codec

Madrid II", which dealt with military architecture and Leonardo plans to divert the Arno

river. The Codec Madrid were rediscovered in 165 in Madrid after being officially lost

since 180. This is were the arguments become interesting. Many are unsure whether or

not Leonardo da Vinci originated the design of the diversion of the Arno River to help

fortify Pisa for war. There are many arguments about whether or not Leonardo originated

idea to divert the Arno River. Scholars and experts alike have many different angles to

this design. Experts say he would have known it was a hopeless project because of the

environment, war, and lack of manpower. There are many who think the Florentines

came up with this design 100 years before Leonardo was born.

The wars and campaigns in Italy began in the 1500's because of political conflicts

between the great powers. All involved parties had to maintain the best possible defense

as well as their means of attack. Since new firearms, explosives, and artillery were

developing all the time, they had to alter the systems of fortifications and technical

warfare became more important. It was only natural that Leonardo da Vinci with his

theory and practice of architecture throughout his life should also be included to the field

of defense architecture and strategic engineering studies.

In 150 the Florentine Republic started a new campaign against Pisa, and here

emerged the most daring plan to divert the course of the Arno river to cut off the sea

access so the Pisans could not get supplies. The big question is whether Leonardo had

any part in drawing this plan up or if he was just to perfect the idea. This must be left

undecided.

Scholars doubt that the Florentine plan to divert the Arno River was originated by

Leonardo, because they said he would have know from the beginning that such a feat

would be difficult in peacetime but very impossible during war time. The plan called for

canals to be dug 60 feet wide and 1 feet deep to carry the river as much as 7 miles off

it's normal course.

Being a man of practical knowledge of time-and-motion expert and he could figure

our how much digging men could do, how they ought to do it, and what it would cost.

This what Leonardo wrote in Codex Madrid II

I found that the complete excavation of the moat, which is, on average, 17 braccia wide,

and 16 braccia deep, and 40 braccia long, reduced to square braccia, amounts to

174,080 braccia. Which reduced to square canne, amounts to 70 canne. Of which,

those at the mountain, due to the difficulty offered by the rock, deserver 5 lire the canna,

an amount paid on other occasions to the diggers. (Leonardo da Vinci, Madrid II 10r)

With this in mind he knew he had to design a machine to help the dig process

because of inefficiency of men equipped with shovels. That is where the treadmill

powered digging machine design was born.

All of these calculations and work was erroneous. It was said that five times the

available manpower would have been necessary, according to more realistic calculations

by today's experts. Besides, the work had plenty of difficulties. It seemed to be

impossible to get the thousands of workers required, or to keep them working, especially

since they didn't get paid on time, and the section which was completed but could not

handle the mass of water that was fed to it and collapsed. By this time opinions were split

amongst the commanders, so the projects came to end in October 1504. The Florentines

continued fighting another five years only to surrender there city in 150.

As one of the greatest men in recent history , Leonardo da Vinci's genius remains

unbounded by time and technology. His dedication to the discovery of truth and the

mysteries of nature make his insightful contributions to science and technology legendary

in the Renaissance period. By helping to set an ignorant and superstitious world on a

course of reason, Leonardo's spirit lives on to influence the inventors, artists, and art

patrons of our own time. Whether or not Leonardo originated the design to divert the

Arno River doesn't matter it was he vision and challenging dedication that moves me and

many others. Some might argue that such ideas in the Renaissance time period should of

been too modern. They need to remember to whom there referring too.Please note that this sample paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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