Fall of the Safavid and Ottoman Empires

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The Islamic Empires during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were flourishing. The time period marked the pinnacle of Islamic power and culture. Two of these major Islamic empires were the Safavids and the Ottomans. Both empires had great claims of land to their names, and both competed for dominance in the Islamic world. However, not long before the end of the time period, both empires experienced great declines in their cultural and monetary wealth. Over time both empires' governments weakened due to poor leadership and two-front wars. And the growth of diversity led towards inner empire struggle. All these factors contributed to the fall of the Safavid and Ottoman Empires. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires were some of the greatest empires of their time but lacked the proper organization needed for such powerful empires to survive.

Great leaders such as Suleyman of the Ottomans and Shah Abbas I of the Safavids built up their empires up to great world powers. They did this by using their great intelligence and decision-making skills, but over time both the Safavid and Ottoman Empires weakened due to poor leadership and government organization. Corruption grew into society under the new weaker rulers. Under Selim II (Ottoman Emperor) Suleyman's strict policies on devshirme (an elite provincial slave levy) were slackened. After the slackening of the laws, parents of Muslim boys could buy their way into the devshirme and current members of the devshirme were now allowed to marry. This no longer created the total loyalty to the state and created a new corruption in the Empire's army and bureaucracy. The same leadership mistakes showed up in the Safavid's empire as well. Under the rule of Shah Abbas II, the Safavid empire became much more liberal. Shah Abbas II gave people more religious freedom and was more lenient with his subjects. No longer was there great loyalty towards the empire and ideas became more radical. A new corruption in the military and government began to show up with this new leniency, just as it had with the Ottomans. These newer and lesser leaders guided their empires' downhill and were directly responsible for their empires' downfall.

Two-front wars weakened the resources and military needed to run such vast empires. The Ottomans were busy fighting the Hapsburgs in the west and the Safavids in the east. The Ottomans tried a second raid on Vienna to restore their empires to fame but failed horribly. They also experienced a slew of disastrous battle losses to the Hapsburgs and the Russians costing them the Crimea. At this time the Ottoman army was nearly exhausted and now the Europeans in the west and the Russians in the north boxed in their empire. At this point, The Ottomans no longer had the resources to take on their Shi'ite foes of the East. This slowed the empires' external trade which resulted in a lack of funding needed to run such an expensive empire. Similar two-front wars also contributed to the decline of the Safavid Empire. The Safavids were fighting the Ottomans in the west and the Uzbeks in the north. During the reign of Selim II much territory was lost to the Ottomans and Uzbeks. These wars devastated the Safavid army and these lands were not regained for decades. Without a strong army the Safavids struggled to keep their empire intact. Both empires were drained by two-front wars and were not able to fully recover, contributing to their downfalls.

Both Empires experienced a growing population and diversity leading to inner-empire struggle and conflict. Such struggles also brought about major social changes Many Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire after being banned from Spain. The Jews brought many social and religious ideas with them that hurt the empire. Also many new Christians moved into the Empire. With Jews, Christians and Muslims all in one country much discrimination broke out along with strained relationships. Non-Muslims began controlling the wealth leading to their monopolization of foreign trade hurting the Muslims' resources. No longer was the Ottoman Empire unified and strong. Although it happened differently in the Safavid Empire many of the same consequences arose. A new wave of conservative Shi'ite ulamas took power. They emphasized their own authority over the ruler and persecuted religious minorities and Sunni Muslims. Again a group came to power but failed to unite a diversifying empire, leading to conflict. Uniting a diverse was necessary for both empires survival.

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Slavery

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A person who is held in bondage to another; one who is wholly subject to the will of another; one who is held as possession; one who has no freedom, but who is and services are wholly under the control of another, this is the definition of a typical slave. What comes to your mind when you hear the word slave? What do most people picture in their head when they hear the word Slave? Most people automatically see different color when the word slave is mentioned. People in this society dont recognize or acknowledge people for who they are, but what they do. Stereotyping is just in people's nature, it is easier to label some one by class, than by strength of character. Stereotyping, is how people describe each other. A Seven-Eleven owner is automatically Indian, a Mexican must be a gang member, a rich black person is for sure a drug dealer, a Persian must own a gas station, and the list goes on and on. For the same reason, when people hear the word slave, they picture a big, muscular, charcoal colored African, working in a field somewhere in the south under the control of a white man.

Slaves and slavery has been around for ages, way before America was founded. But a new form of slavery emerged with the discovery of the New World. There is many different aspects slavery, and each of these topics had its own effect on the history. Women's role in slavery, Plantation slavery and the Underground Railroad are a few topics that are extremely important in the history of slavery.

What role did women play throughout the years? Slave families had a tendency to be unstable, due to the nature of the institution of slavery. Masters could sell members of the family away if they desired, or could separate the family on the plantation, making them work in different areas. Despite this instability, the family tended to be a central part of a slave's life, it gave them something to hold on to. Women played a significant role in the development of this family.

Slave owners often did not differentiate between genders on the field, and thus the women often ended up working alongside men in fieldwork. However, within the slave community, there was a difference. The men usually did the chores such as trapping and hunting animals for food, while the women did more of the domestic duties. While these domestic duties tended to add more work to the slave women's day, the domestic work was a way for women to rebel against the master to a degree. Women did these work to keep themselves and their families healthy, and would on occasion help a runaway slave by providing for him or her. These responsibilities were in some ways a joy to slave women, since they "offered a degree of personal fulfillment." One slave women, Mary Colquitt, remarked that her grandmother and mother had often stayed up late sewing clothes for the children, saying, "Dey done it 'cause dey wanted to. Dey wuz working' for deyselves den."(Jones,) Ironically, this work caring for themselves and their families also benefited the slave owners, since healthy slaves meant that the masters could get more work out of them, and thus make more money when the crops were harvested.

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The family was important to most slave women, and they had ways of making sure that they stayed together, though these weren't foolproof. A women assigned to the Big House when the rest of her family was on the fields could rebel, thus making "a mistress's life miserable by literally doing nothing." This would often cause the mistress to send the women to the fields, which is what she wanted anyway, so she could be with her family. (5) Another way a young women slave could make it possible for herself to stay with her family was by getting pregnant at an early age. Masters refrained from the selling of women that demonstrated fertility, because they would be able to get larger labor force from these women. Also, the family of the slave with young children were more likely to be kept together. In these ways, women gained some control over keeping their families together Please note that this sample paper on Slavery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Slavery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Slavery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Still Standing

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The play 'Still Standing' is a Rock 'n' Roll love story written by Margery and Michael Forde. The Forde family have surprised the La Boite Theatre with sold out seasons for x-stacy, Milo's Wake, Way out West and now Still Standing. The Forde family are award-winning playwrights, after winning the 2001 New South Wales Premier's Literary Award for Milo's Wake. 'Still Standing' is set in modern times about a band, which was together in the 80's and is reuniting under desperate yet rewarding circumstances. It follows the high and low moments of three characters as they reflect, rekindle and jam together as if they never split up. The elements Tension and focus, combined together to create Dramatic Meaning, which were used to highlight important moments throughout the production of 'Still Standing'.

The initial moment, which displayed tension and focus, was 'The Fight Scene'. It begins with Brenda and Nev engaging in a deep intense conversation about the specific reasons for the band's initial break up. Skeeter enters the scene and the conversation takes a detour, which forces Brenda to storm out of the scene. Skeeter and Nev continue the conversation, which ends up turning into an argument. Nev questions Skeeters involvement with a drug dealer and also quires Skeeter's marriage. Skeeter can't stand any more and after warning Nev a first time, he punches him in the face. Nev shows a little reluctance in staying down and Skeeter keeps punching him. After Skeeter had finished assaulting Nev, he leaves him lying on the floor.

'The Fight Scene' was an unforgettable moment in the play; it was the time when the whole tension of the play erupted. The tension was so enormous that you could feel it building from the instant that Brenda made her initial appearance on stage. The moment created the type of tension that one might endure in normal everyday life, if they are to witness a fight with their own eyes. The tension grew stronger and stronger as Nev kept making injurious comments about Skeeter's life, when finally it had built up so much, that the audience knew what was to come. The whole suspense had become virtually withdrawn as it was replaced with repetitive awakenings of the outcome of the scene. Occasionally, the tension was cracked with Skeeter's painful one liners. In the end, the audience was left with an empty feeling, as Skeeter left the stage and the tension slowly grew again as they were waiting for Nev to get up and get some of his own back.

The focus in the scene was established in one specific way. There was one huge spotlight in the middle of the stage, which was shining down n the actors, which showed that there was no need to look anywhere else. There was one moment in the scene where split focus was achieved, it was where the drummer (robbo) clapped his hands, for each punch, this symbolised the impact of each punch. It was poorly done, because this meant that the audience shifted their attention from the main fight, and focussed on the drummer, who was on his own in the darkness. Dramatic Meaning was attained by the use of these elements in the specific contexts. It combined the light for focus and the suspenseful tension together to make the moment nail bighting and effectively performed, to a monumental standard.

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As I flipped through the San Francisco Chronicle, I came across the perfect article for this project. The article is about the rise of home prices in the Bay Area and also gives the Median prices. This article was somewhat informative, but I would have to have all the other data that was provided for her. The homes sold have steadily been increasing in the Bay Area. This article describes the median price for existing, single-family, detached homes. They say that the median prices for homes in the bay have jumped 13.6 percent in May 2001. In the state of California, the median price of homes was $321,130.00 up 25.5 percent from last year's $255,860.00. Sales for homes here in the Bay area rose 45.8 percent and statewide, 22.7 percent. The research firm, DataQuik, reported the median price of homes including new homes and condominiums to be $413,000.00. The author of this article, Jelly Zito, is reporting mostly of existing homes and the median price within the Bay Area. She is basically relaying to the public that the median price for homes has gone up substantially in the past year. Kelly also provides the median prices for the state of California as well as nationwide. The methods she uses are basic arithmetic. She calculates all the data from the research firms and calculates the percentages for the median prices. She gathers all the data provided the firms and puts them in lists. Essay service for your Median prices for homes paper and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Euthanasia - A comparison

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Euthanasia raises many questions in morality, medical ethics and the law. There is an ongoing struggle to make euthanasia legal. Advancement in technology has also contributed to the debate of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Bloyd describes euthanasia as meaning good or happy death. It involves allowing or helping a terminally ill person to die, for the sake of relief from suffering (15). Supporters of voluntary euthanasia argue that it is all right to help someone end his or her life, as long as that person has a good reason for doing it. However, other people think that it is wrong to legally kill and take away an innocent life.

According to Faye Girsh, the Hemlock Society and the majority of polled Americans believe that providing physician-assisted dying to a terminally patient who requests it, is a humane and compassionate option that should be legalized. She points out that it will be cruel, even barbaric to make a suffering person, whose death is inevitable, live longer than he or she wishes. As part of their job, doctors are there to help all patients in any possible way. In the case with the terminally ill, only physicians can prescribe some medication to help with suffering, and in doing so, fulfil certain patients wishes. A physician may also aid in the dying process, when prescribed substances cannot control suffering. The patient would also have a better state of mind, knowing that they have options when the pain becomes unbearable, instead of having the anxiety of not knowing how much longer one would have to suffer and watch the family suffer, which also adds to the burden of the illness (6-76; ch. ). With added stress and worrying about when the final day will come, a person may get more sick, and develop unnecessary symptoms. Kohl and Kurtz believe that society has no genuine interest or need to preserve the terminally ill against their will and that the right to beneficent euthanasia, with proper procedural safeguards, can be protected against abuse (6).

On the other hand, many people believe that Euthanasia should not be legalized, for it will harm the society. Instead of terminally ill patients having a right to die, they will see their illness as a burden to family members, which leads to their duty to die (Torr 7). As a result of euthanasia becoming legal, there would be many deaths of people who want to die, and even those who do not, but they were just told by the physician or a family member that that is the best available option. Not only would one individual be affected, but the society as a whole, because people may choose euthanasia even if they are not terminally ill, but instead have depression or some curable disease. In such a case, those are the people that need hospice care (where someone is on call for the patient at all times), not euthanasia, or an easy way out to committing suicide.

In many countries, Euthanasia is legal and accepted. Some of these countries include the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Uruguay and Norway. Hollands policy may work for that country, but it may not be successful if applied to the United States. For the United States, the New Oregon Death with Dignity Act was passed in 14, marking just a beginning. Derek Humphry argues that euthanasia is justifiable and ethical. A person should not be allowed to suffer if he or she does not want to. In the later days of the illness, a person may be given so much drugs to ease the pain that they loose consciousness, but their quality of life lowers, affecting loved ones around them (17-; ch. 1). John Shelby Spong believes that, We are aware that life can today be prolonged by managing pain with pain-killing drugs, but that relief is sometimes achieved at the price of the destruction of the patients mind of the loss of the patients capacity to relate to other human beings in a meaningful way. Every person has their individual rights, so they should also be granted that right of choosing their death, under the right state of mind (41, 44; ch. 1). Due to the advancement of medical technology, Spong also thinks that euthanasia does not violate Christian and other religious beliefs. Although the church could have taken a firm position on the topic in the past, the present brings about new changes and views. Due to the advances of modern medicine, God cannot only control death (The Ethics Of Euthanasia 0-4).

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An Act of Violation

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An Act Of Violation

In October 001, President George Bush Jr. signed into effect a bill detailing a new program called the Patriot Act. This bill allowed the Government to conduct the investigations of any persons, or events suspected of being connected with domestic terrorism. As a direct response to the terrible September 11th attacks, many Americans welcomed the Patriot Act as a strong assertive move made by the Bush administration to stem the threat of terrorism. What many citizens were unaware of was the amount of power the granted to the government and d it's agencies. The Patriot Act allows Government agents to obtain court orders for wire and phone taps, and permission to detain and question suspects for an indeterminate amount of time without trial or the supervision of the court. Many Americans, both citizens and naturalized immigrants, found themselves unjustly imprisoned and questioned about their suspected involvement in terrorist activities. Innocent people were torn from their everyday lives taken and forced to answer questions against their will. Countless other individuals have been subject to intense scrutiny without their knowledge, through unsupervised phone and wiretaps. Their private conversations and Internet activities monitored by government agents. The Patriot Act is a violation of everything American Citizens hold to be true. If left unchecked, the power of this bill has the potential of unmaking our society. The Bush administration should be made to report all it's investigations and their findings to a court of law.

In the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, it is stated, "…all men are created equal, and endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The Patriot Act is a direct contradiction to this statement. The Act allows the government to interfere with any suspected citizens life. Any and all citizens detained and questioned without legal aid or representation is a victim of injustice. This detainment and questioning is a rape of the god given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The Patriot Act allows the government to tap the phone lines and wire connections of suspect individuals. However these agencies are not required to report their findings to any court of law. Therefore any person blacklisted by the government can be monitored without the supervision of the courts, courts made to uphold the laws supporting an individual's right to privacy. This lack of supervision is disturbing as all that the Patriot Act requires is a court order to obtain a warrant for phone and wiretaps.

The Patriot Act grants the Government a great deal of power and requires little to no supervision of those using that power. There are many individuals who are in a position to abuse the power granted them by The Patriot Act. Any vindictive agent has the power to single out a specific person, or group of persons, and monitor their actions or detain them for questioning without fear of legal recrimination. The potential for misuse of this power is too great to allow any who wield it to go unsupervised.

Rousseau speaks of The Social Contract in his writing The Origin of Civil Society, "each [person] contributes to the group his [self] and the powers which he wields as a person under the [direction] of the general will, and [they] receive into the body politic each individual as forming and indivisible part of the whole." We as American citizens are apart of a great social contract as we submit our rights and freedoms to the direction of the general will, so long as those rights and freedoms are not abused by any within the contract, including those in positions of leadership within our communities. The Patriot Act is a violation of those surrendered rights and according to Rousseau, a violation of the Social Contract. Through that contract, the violation of any individual's rights and freedoms is a violation of every citizen's rights and freedoms. The Patriot Act is an instrument of violation that if allowed to continue, will undoubtedly lead to the downfall of the American way of life.Please note that this sample paper on An Act of Violation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on An Act of Violation, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on An Act of Violation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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