Atherosclerosis

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A Review and discussion of the evidence for a genetic link to Atherosclerosis

Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a disease more commonly referred to as a Hardening of the arteries (1), and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world (). It is believed to be a multifactorial process, which can in some cases start in utero (). Patients with atherosclerosis represent a heterogenous group of individuals, with diseases that progress at significantly different rates and in distinctly different patterns (5). It is described by the deposition of fatty material (atherosclerotic plaques) in, not on, arterial vessel walls - due to an excess in-flow of cholesterol. This can lead to occlusion of the artery - in most cases this occurs due to a sudden rupturing of the plaque that triggers the emergence of a blood clot/thrombus that blocks blood flow (as oppose to direct occlusion by the plaque) leading to complications such as strokes or heart attacks (1/4).

There are many risk factors for this disease diet and lifestyle (environment) works synergistically with genetic factors predisposing to or protecting from the disease. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

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This essay will review some of these genetic factors (both predisposing and protecting) and discuss their contribution to the risk of developing Atherosclerosis.

Predisposing factors

There have been many predisposing factors discovered using clues from the pathology of the disease including genes/proteins associated with blood lipids, endothelial cell changes (lipid deposition), macrophage responses, inflammation, oxidative damage, vascular repair control, thrombosis and diabetes/obesity (1).

Blood lipids One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia (quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins), (). Atherogenic dyslipidemia has been genetically linked, is characterized by increased plasma triacylglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, low HDL concentrations and the development of small dense LDL particles (8), and predisposes for atherosclerosis. HDL in particular is very important in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which is the major protective system against atherosclerosis (7), (clears excess cholesterol from arterial cell walls (6)). It has been found that a cellular ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) called ABCA1 mediates the first step of RCT. Mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease (TD), a severe HDL deficiency syndrome characterized by accumulation of cholesterol in tissue macrophages and prevalent atherosclerosis. Studies of TD heterozygotes revealed that ABCA1 activity is a major determinant of plasma HDL levels and therefore predisposes for coronary vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis (6). Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that the development of small, dense LDL (LDL subclass phenotype B) can also be genetically influenced (15/16). Other factors genetically linked to the changes in blood lipids include liver x receptors (LXRs). LXRs (LXRalpha and LXRbeta) are nuclear receptor transcription factors that are activated by certain oxysterol derivatives of cholesterol. Millatt et al reported that LXRs play an important role in the response to excess cholesterol and by using an LXR agonist (Ghr65) they were able to demonstrate a dramatic anti-atherosclerotic effect in mice (11). This can be taken as evidence of a genetic link of LXR genes to atherosclerosis.

Endothelial cell changes endothelial dysfunction is characterised by reduced bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO). Channon et al reported an important role for both the NAD(P)H oxidases and endothelial NOS in the increased vascular superoxide production associated with endothelial dysfunction predisposing human vascular disease states (10).

Macrophage responses During the process of atherosclerosis, the homeostatic mechanisms (which are genetically controlled) of a macrophage fail and uncontrolled cholesterol deposition is promoted by the scavenger functions of the macrophages (1).

Diabetes/Obesity People with diabetes tend to be predisposed to atherosclerosis due to their accelerated synthesis of LDLs ().

Protective factors

There have been a lot less factors (genetically linked) identified that protect against the development of atherosclerosis. It is known however that pre-menopausal women are to a degree protected from developing the disease. Walters et al reports that oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, together with other modifiable risk factors and that the absolute risk of coronary disease is greater for men than for pre-menopausal women (1). This suggests that oestrogen somehow protects women from atherosclerosis.

Most risk factors for atherosclerosis are associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation due to reduced NO production. Folate/folic acid not only reduces plasma homocysteine levels but also enhances eNO synthesis and shows anti-inflammatory actions thereby also providing protection against the development of atherosclerosis (14). The LPL S447X cSNP has been reported to be associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all atherosclerosis risk factors) (17). Clee et al reported a reduced risk of coronary artery disease suggesting that this polymorphism is protective against atherosclerosis. Observations that apoE deficient mice develop spontaneous atherosclerosis, whereas transgenic mice expressing a defective apoE from the liver do not, suggesting that macrophage apoE secretion may indeed play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility ().

Conclusion

Atherosclerosis is a multi factorial process that can start in utero, it progresses over decades and leads to cardiovascular complications such as heart attacks and strokes. This disease accounts for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality in the western world and is affected by both environmental and genetic risk factors. Understanding the complexity and functional relevance of these risk factors especially the genetic factors (predisposing to or protecting from) can improve the early detection, management and prevention of this disease.

For example, mutations in the ABCA1 gene lower HDL levels thereby predisposing the subject to atherosclerosis. Knowing how this mutation affects the development of atherosclerosis allows for possible gene/protein therapy methods to be investigated. It is also known that macrophage apoE secretion may play a protective role in regard to atherosclerosis susceptibility, therefore methods can now be investigated as to possibly inducing apo E synthesis/secretion to help protect patients with a high risk of developing the disease.

References

1. University of Otago Genetics 1 Laboratory manual for 00.

. CRISP - project title Bone marrow transplantation and atherosclerosis

URL crisp.cit.nih.gov/

. Szitanyi, P; Janda, J; Polende, R; Intrauterine undernutrition and programming as a new risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. Physiol. Res. 5 8 - 5, 00

4. Libby, P; Atherosclerosis a new view Scientific American pp. - 7 may 00

5. The Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular clinical research centre

URL www-med.stanford.edu/reynolds/summary.htm

6. Oram, JF; Lawn, RM; ABCA1 The gatekeeper for eliminating excess cholesterol. Lipid Res. 001 Aug; 4(8) 117 -

7. Zhang, Z; Yamashita, S; Hirano, K; Nakagawa-Toyama, Y; Matsuyama, A; Nishida, M; Sakai, N; Fukasawa, M; Arai, H; Miyagawa, J; Matsuzawa, Y; Expression of cholesterol ester transfer protein in human atherosclerotic lesions and its implications in reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 001 Nov; 15(1 ) 67 - 75

8. Berthier, MT; Houde, A; Bergenon, J; Prudacte;homme, D; Despres, JP; Vohl, MC; Effect of the factor V11 R5Q missense mutation on plasma apolipoprotein B levels impact of visceral obesity. J. Hum Genet. 00 Jul; 48(7) 67 - 7

. Cottrell, DA; Marshall, BJ; Falko, JM; Therapeutic approaches to dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Curr. opin Cardiol. 00 Jul; 18(4) 01-8

10. Channon, KM; Guzik, TJ; Mechanisms of superoxide production in human blood vessels relationship to endothelial dysfunction, clinical and genetic risk factors. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 00 Dec; 5(4 pt 1) 515 - 4

11. Millatt, LJ; Bocher, V; Fruchart, JC; Staels, B; Liver x receptors and the control of cholesterol homeostasis potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Acta. 00 Mar 17; 161() 107 - 18

1. Rainio, S; Ikomen, E; Macrophage cholesterol transport a critical player in foam cell formation. Ann. Med 00; 5() 146 - 55

1. Walters, J; Skene, D; Hampton, SM; Ferns, GA; Biological rhythms, endothelial health and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 00 Jan; (1) RA 1 - 8

14. Das, UN; Folic acid says NO to vascular diseases. Nutrition 00 Jul - Aug;

1(7 - 8) 686 -

15. Austin, MA; Genetic epidemiology of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Med. 16 Oct; 8(5) 45 - 6

16. Superko, HR; Did grandma give you heart disease? The new battle against coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 18 Nov 5; 8(A) 4Q - 46Q

17. Clee, SM; Loubser, O; Collins, J; Kastelein, JJP; Hayden, MR; The LPL S447X cSNP is associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triacylglycerides, and reduced risk of coronary arter ease. Clinical genetics 001 Oct; 60(4)Please note that this sample paper on Atherosclerosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Atherosclerosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Atherosclerosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gatsby

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Examine the opening of 'The Great Gatsby' show how Fitzgerald establishes the character of Nick Carraway as the narrator of the novel. What particular qualities does Fitzgerald create for his narrator?

Fitzgerald decided to employ a narrator who was a participant in the story, but was more an observer than an actor. This creates a complex point of view, which involves us, as readers, in acts of interpretation, which eventually lets us make judgments about the narrator. The qualities that Fitzgerald has given to the narrator, Nick Carraway, are those of a privileged background. But from the advice that was given to him by his father, this makes him aware that some people may not have the same privileges and opportunities as himself, which allows him to make good judgments, for example, 'In consequence, I'm inclined to reserve all judgments.' So from this the reader can see that he looks at all sides of opinions, and does not make snap decisions, which allows people to tell him their secrets because he is trustworthy, impartial and holds back his judgments. Which is why in the story, so many people open up to him. This impartiality allows the characters in the novel to be open with him, which is a good quality for a narrator, because he has their confidence, 'Listen, Nick; let me tell you what is said when she was born. Would you like to hear?' This proves that he is the ideal listener and as such is accepted by the reader.

In the opening Nick has returned to the Midwest, and is writing a book about events that occurred during a period that he had spent on the East Coast of America. He begins his narration with some self-analysis, trying to pin down relevant aspects of his own character. He remembers his father's advice to show tolerance towards others, and to reserve judgment, adding that, 'Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.' Here the reader can see that Fitzgerald uses a narrator who is aware of his own limitations, so that it gives the impression that he is not biased. However it does reveal that Nick is privy to intimate revelations and secrets, therefore he can make an analysis on what he has been told. Fitzgerald also says that Nick stands back, so Nick does not allow his own judgment to prejudice his own opinion, which means he is confident in his judgments.

Later although Nick describes how scornful he is of certain aspects of Gatsby's character and behaviour, other attributes of Gatsby's 'heightened sensitivity to the promises of life' and his 'extraordinary gift of hope' make the reader aware of Nick's ability as a narrator to show not only the negative but the positive sides of a character. Despite his dislike of Gatsby it does not interfere with the unlimited respect he also feels for the man. Therefore the reader aware of this can respect Nick's role as the narrator. It is the romantic dream that Nick admires and stimulates his curiosity about Gatsby, 'what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.' Although this is a subjective judgment the reader now trusts the narrator in Nick Carraway sufficiently, to become as interested in Gatsby as Nick himself.

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But Nick does say little about his own family, although his father runs the hardware business, at the time of the American civil war, in which he avoided service. Nick, on the other hand, was caught up in the First World War, and that had caused considerable disruption in his life. On his return from Europe, he found that the Midwest that was once, 'the warm centre of the world' now seemed 'the ragged edge of the universe.' Nicks experience of the world has grown therefore when he comes back he naturally sees things that he does not like, 'makes me restless.' This makes Nick more aware of life, so due to his experiences he is more understanding to other people, and their problems, which makes him sympathetic. The privileged background shows the reader that Nick's family is well educated, for example he was well read, 'one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News.' But despite all these things, it makes him less critical of other people, which makes him more tolerant and open minded, and these are good qualities, and establish his character.

Fitzgerald uses Nick Carraway as the narrator, because it allows the reader to feel closer to the action, 'I enjoyed the counter raid so thoroughly that I came back restless.' At the same time, it is clear that the act of telling is part of the process by which he comes to terms with those experiences and develops his understanding of them. Nevertheless, it is immediately noticeable that Nick's style of writing is challenging his sentences can be grammatically complex, and his vocabulary is at times obscure. For example, 'frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or hostile levity when realised by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon.' Which means, that he sometimes pretends to be asleep, when someone always wants to confide in him. Fitzgerald gives Nick pretentious literary qualities, to emphasise that he is well educated, enjoys writing and is intellectual. This is good for a narrator, as it gives a voice of authority to the reader to inform, educate and entertain, so the reader will respect and listen to Nick, and not question his ability as a good storyteller. Nick also establishes at the start that he is writing an account and Fitzgerald has attributed to him a certain amount of self- consciousness as a writer.

Nick's self analysis of his own character reveals to the reader his open mindedness and therefore he appears to be more impartial, an important skill for a narrator, convincing the reader of his worthiness and ability in telling a story from an unbiased view point. ''Now, don't think my opinion on these matters is final,' he seemed to say, 'just because I'm stronger and more of a man than you are.'' So the information he offers to the reader, although coloured by his own character, allows Nick's narration to be more neutral. However this is also a reminder to the reader that Nick's assessment of the other characters in the novel is inevitably going to be coloured by his own analysis. He even says, 'after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit.' But by openly placing Nick as the narrator, Fitzgerald is allowing Nick to express his own limitations, and this allows the reader to access Nick's ability as a storyteller.

Nick's reference to his father's advice establishes one of the novel's major themes, that of the relationship between the present and the past and with what is transferred from one generation to another. It is also relevant to the twentieth century history of America, for having broken away from the father-like rule of European monarchy, it declared itself a new country, free from the limitations of the past. So this American commitment to the future, where anything might happen, is also suggested by Nick's evidence on 'reserving judgment' as a matter of 'infinite hope'. The national faith that it is never too late to start again continues. We can see that it is Gatsby's 'extraordinary gift of hope', which ultimately draws Nick to him. So whatever Nick is drawn to, so is the audience, because of his skill as a narrator, he makes them read the story.

What attracts Nick is the dream of a new beginning, which has long been associated in the American mind, with movement westward. After moving east in order to seek material success, Nick has now returned to the Midwest, to the heart of America, where he is able to pause and reflect upon the past few years. Nick declares with irony, that in going east he 'was a guide, a pathfinder, an original settler.'

Nick and Gatsby both live in the New York suburb of West Egg. It is less fashionable than nearby East Egg, and its name carries with it implication of America's Frontier past. Here the suggestion is that both Nick and Gatsby preserve American ideals that have been lost in the modern cities of the East. This is, of course, ironic, as both Eggs are located on the East Coast. There is even more irony from the name 'Egg's' as they are supposed to promise new life, when in fact they are lifeless rocks. Because both Nick and Gatsby share a common ideal, these values allow Nick as a narrator to let Gatsby confine in him and give more credence to his role as a narrator in the eyes of the reader.

In my opinion the success of the novel is due to Fitzgerald's control of how the figure of Gatsby is presented to the reader through Nick's narration. The character and personality of Gatsby has been filtered through Nick's narration at a suitable pace and with appropriate emphasis to maintain the reader's interest without eliminating the enigmatic qualities of Gatsby. When Nick expresses his doubts as well as his pride at the beginning of the novel we appreciate that he has his faults too. However his honesty as a narrator overcomes this and the reader can believe in him. So as the reader is piecing together the puzzle of Gatsby, he at the same time has to adjust to the values that are being put forward by the narrator Nick Carraway, who is telling Gatsby's story. It is easy to imagine that if Fitzgerald had been too hasty in the narration, or had revealed too much at the wrong time, we could have a very different book, one in which Gatsby appeared a ridiculously comic or unambiguously threatening character. It is Nick's skill as the narrator which is partially responsible for this.

Word Count = 1,645Bibliography The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby York Notes Advanced

The Collection of Critical Essays Arthur Mizener

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Hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead

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The Importance of Effective Management

Management is a process concerned with coordinating and integrating work activities to achieve the goals of a business, with and through other people. Successful management is about achieving goals. Effectiveness is management is about achieving goals. Efficiency is concerned with the relationship between inputs and outputs. Effective management invariably results in business success, while ineffective management often results in business failure.

Management Roles

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Management can be described in terms of roles which are organized sets or patterns of behavior. There are three main groups

o Decisional based on work planning, goal setting. Eg. Entrepreneur, Negotiator, Resource Allocator.

o Interpresonal positive agreement and cooperation of workers. Eg. Leader, Liasion.

o Informational only when junior personnel handle routine tasks, according to established rules and procedures. Eg. Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson.

The role of management is one of responsibility to the owners of a business. Management is entrusted with the responsibility for

o determining the business objectives in line with the vision of the business,

o proactive planning for future growth,

o anticipating and planning for changes in the business environment,

o integrating all the human, physical and informational resources available,

o administering and controlling business activities, and

o accountability for the business operation and results.

Skills of Management

o Strategic thinking Highly developed conceptual skills; Capacity to view organisation as a whole; Product-related and technical knowledge; and Understanding of what can be done now.

o Vision Clear focus on the big picture; Able to perceive opportunity; Clear foresight; Able to integrate component parts into an interacting whole; and Knowledge of support services.

o Decision Making Awareness of alternatives through ability to assemble data; Ability to assess alternatives and decide; Creative and lateral thinking skills; Clear understanding of the competing interests of stakeholders; ability to maintain a balance between competing goals; Highly developed conceptual understanding of all interacting parts; and Ability to communicate decisions clearly.

o Self Managing Time management skills; Capacity to stay focused; and Understanding of the role of support services in the organisational framework.

o Team Work Providing networks for effective information flow; Coach, teacher, mentor roles in creating and developing groups; and Delegation of team roles, tasks and responsibility.

o People Skills Understanding how people think and act; Ability to motivate workers; Creation of a harmonious workplace; Effective written and oral communication skills; and Successful delegation.

o Complex Problem Solving Ability to gather and assess data to isolate a problem; Sensitivity to the needs of others; Procedures for dispute resolution; and Negotiation skills learned and practised.

o High Ethical and Personal Standards Generally agreed qualities of decisiveness, consistency, responsiveness, trustworthiness, friendliness and approachability.

o Flexibility and Adaptability to Change Willingness to move in a new direction; Constant evaluation of decisions taken in the light of subsequent performance; and Consistent monitoring of the changing external environment.

Responsibilities to Stakeholders

A stakeholder is anyone with a vested interest in a business. Stakeholders are not simply the owners. Stakeholders and their major interests include

o customers and clients interested in fair pricing, safe products and after sales service

o employees interested in fair pay, safe and pleasant working conditions, training opportunities and career paths

o owners and shareholders interested in a reasonable return on funds invested

o government interested in standards and in receiving taxation

o society interested in conformity to morals, customs and beliefs

o environment interested in protection of air, water and soil

o future societies interested in ecologically sustainable practices.

Reconciling Conflicts of Interest

o Confrontation face to face problem solving.

o Collaboration requires full cooperation of each party.

o Compromise giving up something.

o Reorganization altering organizational structure.

Understanding Business Organizations with Reference to Management Theories

This is the pattern of behaviour of managers in performing their functions and in their dealings with employees. A managers style reflects a response to a number of variables in the external and internal environments, as illustrated below

o Managers personality and value system, e.g. education, experience.

o Nature of workers, e.g. skills, needs, attitudes.

o Nature of the internal environment, e.g. structure, stability, physical site.

o Immediate situation, e.g. nature of problem, time and cost constraints.

Management styles can be classified as

o Autocratic a leader who exerts a large degree of control over a group and allows little participation from group members.

o Democratic where managers encourage a high degree of employee participation in decision making as well as open communication channels.

o collegial,

o laissez-faire.

Classical Scientific hierarchical organizational structure based on division of labour, which is highly centralized so major decisions would be used through a chain of command. Autocratic leadership style.

Approach Specialised efficiency-oriented systems of management

Timing From the turn of the century, well into the 10s. A legacy of the Industrial Revolution and the social structure of the times a potentially large workforce of relatively uneducated disempowered people.

Management principles Hierarchical systems based on principles of specialisation, centralisation and formality. Specialised tasks exist in specialised departments, with responsibility formally designated. Span of control is narrow and a unitary line of command is in place.

Relevance Great benefits from a consumer viewpoint, with the availability of a wide range of consumer goods. Problems centred on the dehumanising, autocratic nature of the efficiency-driven system and the assumption that the needs of workers matched those of management.

Behavioral initially characterized by human relations, the idea being that higher morale would lead to grater productivity.

Approach Changed approach to the way the work situation was seen. Managers dealt with people aspects of their organisation. The group played a more significant role.

Timing Became important following the 1 to 17 Hawthorne studies of the Western Electric Company and the Great Depression of the time. Continued to the 170s.

Management principles Supportive leadership. Managerial focus on group support and wide spans of control in a flat organisational structure, consisting of a hierarchy of interlocking groups.

Relevance The conflict of interest between management and workers was recognised. Practices appeared to work as prosperity continued into the 170s, with growing domestic markets and high family incomes in Western economies. Behavioural management practices were overwhelmed by the application of systems models of management.

Political Power refers to the ability of a person to influence the beliefs or actions of other people. It is not granted by a superior. It comes from a number of sources or bases.

o Legitimate Power similar to authority.

o Expert Power power a person has because they possess knowledge or expertise that others value.

o Referent Power personal character traits or desirable characteristics that other admire.

o Reward Power arises from the ability of someone to grant rewards.

o Coercive Power forcing someone to do something against their own will.

Approach Approaches relate to empowerment in the external environment through loosely structured networks and alliances.

Timing The current economic environment, which is characterised by high levels of social, economic and technological discontinuity. Political approaches recognise the speed-up in the rate of change and complexity of the current external environment.

Management principles Empowerment and collaborative individualism. The creativity of management and its capacity to innovate are challenged. Management is increasingly willing to experiment with new strategies and cultures in search of solutions to unstructured problems. Alliances are developed inside and outside the organisation.

Relevance The use of political power and influence in the creation of alliances is recognised. Organisations have moved increasingly towards decentralisation and chunking. Political approaches are more deliberate strategies to deal with complex and discontinuous environments.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Scientific, Behavioral and Political Approaches

Classical Scientific Strengths used scientific method to determine the best way of doing something. Managers provided managerial functions to increase efficiency and productivity. Weaknesses workers were treated as machines. Problems with quality of goods because jobs were so specialized they were monotonous.

Behavioral Strengths forced managers to reassess the simple machine model, in doing so they made important contributions to our understanding of leadership, employee motivation and job design. Weaknesses no unifying framework for managers.

Political Strengths provided insight into understanding power, conflict and organizational design. Weaknesses focused on one aspect of management. Please note that this sample paper on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on hamlet and rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Society: The effect of television on society

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Recent studies from all around the world have proved that Television has an effect on people as individuals and as a whole. We have coined the phrase "couch potato" for people who sit around watching TV all the time. There has been numerous studies on people of all ages from toddlers to senior citizens on what effects television has on the human psyche. No one can say and believe that television has no effects on society. It is argued constantly whether television reflects society or society reflects what they see on television. TV has become a major part of every American home. Many other developed countries are just the same. Society is what is on television. It is real people acting like another real person writes them to act. Society is making TV so in my opinion neither society or TV actually "reflect" one another, but they blend into pure entertainment. One way or the other, people and society as a whole are affected by television in many ways. Many People like to argue that television is horrible and that it ruins kids minds. There is good evidence to support this view also. Robert DuRant is one of the many people that believe what children are exposed to teaches them how they are supposed to act. He has studied how exposure to violence in the media results in fighting, carrying a weapon, and an intention to use violence. In a study done in 1 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, it was shown that American children watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. (American 1) The most suprising results of DuRant's studies were that girls were more affected than boys were. Kids who had already seen violence on television were more likely to imitate what they saw and were more likely to be violent in school. Often children who see violence on the television cannot differentiate what is reality and what is television. This can mean big trouble for the child and the people who may be around the child when he chooses to figure out the hard way. Whether television is "horrible" or not is everyone's own opinion, but it does effect society's young and old. (McLellan 1-) There has also been studies about TV making Americans fat. When you throw in a Big Mac and some fries with two and a half hours of TV a day, of course your going to gain weight. Unfortunately many Americans today actually do this on a daily basis. Not saying that television makes us fat by itself. Like the Big Mac I mentioned before, fast food is really blamed for making Americans fat. Television has proved a major cut in exercise and physical activities simply because it provides something else to do. Before television was around people did things outside because there was not much point in sitting around inside. People did read, but most of the time people read before bed or after they have been active and are relaxing. This is another way that television affects society and the people who make it up. Television consists of images and situations within which we grow up and live. In other words, we learn from TV whether we even realize it or not. At any time of day you can turn on the television and see something that you have never seen before. If you are not even paying attention you might even catch something subliminally. Considering how much Americans watch TV now days, most people seem to be paying more attention than that though. It is the same thing as sporting events have done to kids even before television. Before television, but not before sports, all boys wanted to be a football player, baseball player or some sports star. Now days there are still those who want to do those things because they see them on TV, but there is also those who want to be movie stars and newscasters. This alone proves that television has effected society just by the fact that it has created a humongous amount of jobs. Some people shape their lives around being on and around the television business. Others shape their lives around watching television. How many women do you know, and even some younger girls, that tape their favorite soap or soaps when they have to go somewhere during the day. Everyone knows at least one woman who does or has done this. This is also an example of an effect of television on society, planning around what comes on TV. Some specific shows have been shown to influence peoples behaviors. WWF, for example, has been proven to increase not only the use of violence, but also the use of cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and more. (McLellan 1-) What are kids thinking when they are watching wrestling and the coolest guy comes out and downs a beer and then wins the match. They are thinking, man that is cool, I want to be like him. Okay, so all kids do not think exactly this way, but a good number of them do. Oprah influences society in another way. Millions of women watch Oprah every day and pay very close attention to what she and her guests have to say. Women ask Oprah and Dr. Phil their most important questions. How does TV not affect society again? Oh yeah, it really affects society in many ways and on more than one level. Advertising companies sure do believe that television has an effect society. If they did not think that television was affecting people they would not pay hundreds of thousands, and even millions of dollars during big events, for thirty second commercials. The commercials during the super bowl have become almost as popular as the game itself and recently have cost brand names billions of dollars. Companies pay big money to advertise during the Olympics also. Advertising companies are really developed around advertising on television, because almost every American has a TV in his or her house. Violence is all over the media these days and it too affects the way society sees reality. Humans are unconsciously attracted to violence and when TV writers were finally allowed to show it on television they knew it would be a jackpot. Television networks will put violence in a commercial for a show that will come on later to attract the viewer's eye and make him or her want to watch the show. (Szaflik 1) This is sad but true. Can we stop it now that it has gone this far though? Children are the most influenced by watching TV. Children are still learning new things every single day and are exited about it. What they see on TV makes them wonder about all the situations that they are seeing. Depending on what they are watching this could be a very bad or a very good thing. For a kid who grows up watching I Love Lucy and the Discovery Channel, he should be fine. He will still be influenced by all of the shows ideas and situations, but he will be learning reasonably good things. But the kid who grows up watching gangster movies and horror films with violence and sex in them might not turn out so fine and dandy. This child is going to grow up with all the wrong ideas about sex and violence and life itself. While not every kid will be a screw up because they watched rated R films when they were young, the ones without good families will more than likely become one. Television now is way worse than what was shown on the big screen in the 50's. And violence and sex offenses have raised non-stop since then. This is an effect that TV has on society. While television can be good entertainment and even educational, some is also bad. No matter which way one chooses to look at the matter, television does affect society. Television not only affects society in the short-term, but also in the long. Columbia University's Jeffery Johnson did a study on about 700 boys and girls about some longer-term effects of television viewing. He and other researchers followed the kids for seventeen years and took into consideration family income, childhood neglect, and psychiatric disorders. With all these things accounted for, the fact still remained that violent television viewing resulted in adults who behaved more aggressively than people who viewed TV much less. This study was published in Science magazine. The editorial that accompanied the study said that it probably underestimated the effects of TV violence. Research shows that one average hour of television viewing contains four or five acts of violence. Most cartoons contain twenty to twenty five violent acts an hour. America's first major study on the effects of violence on television was a 17 U.S. surgeon generals report that said, Televised violence, indeed, does have an adverse effect on certain members of our society. (Blakey 1) Shannon Kennedy believes that television is a drug. She believes it is addictive and a destroyer of human life. Not unlike drugs or alcohol, the television experience allows the viewer to blot out the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. The worries and anxieties of reality are ignored by becoming absorbed in a television program as by going on a trip induced by drugs or alcohol. And just as alcoholics are only vaguely aware of their addiction, feeling that they control their drinking more than they really do, people similarly overestimate their control over television watching. Even as they put off other activities to spend hour after hour watching television, they feel they could easily resume living an active, non-television watching life. With television pleasures available, those other experiences seem less attractive, more difficult because it requires one to actually get up and do something for themselves. 66 percent of American homes have more than three television sets in their homes. 54 percent of kids have a set in their bedrooms. Billions of dollars are spent each year on advertising just for TV shows because commercials influence people to watch more TV, and this is what they are going for. (Kennedy 1) Television has been affecting society ever since people could purchase a set. Television has become a major part of today's society and affects everyone who spends time watching it. I am not saying that TV is bad even though most of the evidence of it affecting society in negative. I believe that television can be a useful educational tool and great entertainment. It is everyone's own opinion whether television is a good idea. People like Kennedy think that it is a drug, and many scientists think it causes people to commit crimes and be more aggressive in older ages. Either way you look at it television does affect society. REFERENCES American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Children and TV Violence. July nd, 00. Blakey, Rea. "Study links TV Viewing Among Kids to Later Violence." CNN.com. August 4th, 00. Kennedy, Shannon. Television and Society Viewing Ourselves in a Box. August 4th, 00 McLellan, Faith. "Do Violent Movies Make Violent Children?" Szaflik, Kevin. School page. July 00 QuestionsPlease note that this sample paper on Society: The effect of television on society is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Society: The effect of television on society, we are here to assist you. Your on Society: The effect of television on society will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pachelbel's Canon in D

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Like Allegri, whose famed Miserere eclipsed everything else he achieved in his career, Johann Pachelbels name is automatically linked to the ever-popular three- part Canon in D. Born in Nuremberg in the autumn of 165, Pachelbel showed an early appetite for learning. In addition to school, he had two music teachers, one who introduced him to the fundamentals of music while the other taught him to play and compose. He was briefly at the University of Altdorf before taking a position in 167 as assistant organist at the cathedral of St Stephen in Vienna. Four years later he became the court organist to the Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He became restless here, and requesting a letter of reference from his employers, left after a year. His reference described him as a rare and perfect virtuoso.

Subsequently Pachelbel became the organist at the Erfurt Predigerkirche, where he spent 1 happy years. His first wife succumbed to the plague, but within a year he had remarried and subsequently had seven children. This period was a time of increasing contentment and creative growth. In 160, he became organist in Stuttgart at the Wurttemberg Court. The threat of a French invasion curtailed this position two years later, and Pachelbel returned to his hometown of Nuremberg to take up the post of organist at St Sebald. There he lived out his final decade writing ever more imposing works.

It is not known when Pachelbel composed his famous Canon. The work is scored for three violins and continuo, each violin entering in turn and elaborating on a simple theme as the piece gathers in strength and builds to a climax. But Pachelbels importance is, in fact, perhaps greater as a composer for the organ; his chorale preludes, based on hymn tunes, strongly influenced J.S. Bach. He was also the author of a great many motets, arias and Masses, and 1 Magnificats which feature solo singers and a choir as well as an orchestra often including wind and brass. His body of work reflects the cultural contrasts between his own Protestant ways and those of the higher Church, and certainly deserves to be known at least as well as his celebrated Canon.

Canon in D Major

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Johann Pachebel

Johann Pachebel (165 - 1706) was one of the great composers of the baroque period. Pachebel was a German organist as well as a composer. Pacheb, in most cases is not thought of before other composers of this period. Bach seems to be the name that is connected to baroque music the most. Another name that is heard more often then Pachebel is Handel. However, Pachebels music resembles some of the best pieces of baroque and can hold its own next to Bach and Handel. However, you can hear a lot of Bach in Pachebels works. Pachebel was teaching Bachs brother which led to Bach teaching Pachebel.

Melody

In this piece there are four different themes stated, each using a different melody. In many instances each theme is repeated several time. As the theme is repeated, generally the same notes are used. In theme one the same notes are used in both voices.

Listen to theme one

Click Here

Theme1.vcd

The same thing happens in theme two.

Listen to this theme.

Click Here

Theme.vcd

In theme three different notes are used however these notes are used for harmony.

Listen to the third theme

Click Here

Theme.vcd

Theme four, both voices play at the same time so different notes are played for

harmony purposes.

Listen to theme four.

Click Here

Theme4.vcd

Rhythm

The rhythm in this piece is quite simple. Usually each theme uses one rhythm and sticks with it through the whole theme. Also in the entire piece there is only four rhythms used. Could you listen to the piece and write the four rhythms that you hear?

In the first theme the only uses half notes, in both voices.

The second theme introduces quarter notes.

The third theme uses the most complicated rhythm in this piece, sixteenth notes.

The fourth theme uses mostly eighth notes.

Harmony

Im sure by now that you have covered monophonic, polyphonic, and homophonic music. Monophonic is one melody is played at a time. Polyphonic is several melodies played at one time. Homophonic includes harmony.

Any suggestions as to what this piece is?

Monophonic

Polyphonic

Homophonic

In a way this piece could be both polyphonic and homophonic. There are, at times, two melodies played at the same time. Since this is a canon at some spots in the piece that one voice is playing one melody and the other voice is playing another melody. This piece could also be homophonic music because not only is their harmony playing along with the melody but also because there are two different melodies going at the same tim, this creates harmony.

Form

Can you tell me what the form of this piece is?

HINT It is the name of the piece.

A canon is a round. When we were younger we have all sang Row, Row, Row, Your Boat in a round. Well that is the same concept of this piece. One of the voices starts out and then the next voice enters with the same melosy that the first one had. The voices continue through the piece being one phrase behind the other.

Listen again and find the measure where the second voice comes in?

Click Here

Canon.vcd

Expression

I think that this is one of the most expressive pieces of music.

I would like you to think about ways that the dynamics, tempo, and articulation makes this piece expressive.

The tempo is qite slow. The tempo of this piece leaves time for each note to build in its own way. The tempo lets each note smoothly lead into the next in a very relxing fassion.

The dynamics of this piece is typically soft. However, this leaves enough room for the song to build in to wonderful climaxes. hear quite a few climaxes in this piece, which adds to the expression.

For the most part of this piece all of the notes are slurred. This helps to make the piece very delicate. It also adds a sense of happiness to the piece.

I would like you now to listen to the piece, listen for the expression of the piece. Listen to the phrasing and dynamics.

Click Here

Pachelbels Greatest Hit Canon in D

There is nothing better.

I just bought this CD last week, and have listened to it non-stop. This is a must buy for anyone who is a fan of Johann Pachelbel, track number 1 Cannon in D is probably the most romantic piece of music of anytime. I have never heard any thing more beautiful, and if you are not a huge fan of classical music..give this CD a chance and you will be.

Pachelbels Greatest Hit Canon in D

Not so great

Some of the arrangements on this CD are pretty good, but some are not. I get the feeling the producers needed to fill some, so they took some synthesizers and used those versions.

I wonder where is the origanal organ version, or the string quartet version? its a sad thing that these versions are missing. I would keep to one or two favourite versions rather than the addle of those on this CD.

This CD might be good for those obsessed, those looking for some better version of the cannon than what they have (the string quarted is by far one of the best), or people who have an interest in music and intend to compare and listen.

Personally, Id buy many, many other CDs first, though this one was interesting.

Pachelbels Greatest Hit Canon in D

Hard to shed a tear

I was subjected to this recording during a car trip with an older relative. Being a violist myself, I have played the canon several times with other strings. In fact, Pachelbels canon is not a canon at all; just several variations over an obbligato base line.

After hearing the canon for the umpteenth time, I have found it to be shallow and dull, especially on this recording. The recording is repetitious and utterly dismal. Track 5 I find to be especially abominable; the words over the intrumental music make no sense and are not sung in Pachelbels language and style; the words are inauthentically sung. This is baroque music, not comtemporary christian. Also, there is not even an original performance with a chamber group or organ. I do not mean to offend anyones taste in the review, I just wish to point out the characteristics of something that should be left on the shelf.

The accomplished Baroque organist Johann Pachelbel was south German born, but spent much of his career in middle Germany.

Johann Pachelbels repertory is the stylistic ancestor of J. S. Bachs, particularly his technique of chorale variation. His development of the cantus firmus chorale is perhaps his greatest contribution. It consists of the chorale melody in long notes, one phrase at a time, each phrase preceded by fore-imitation in the accompanying voices. This compositional pattern influenced many other composers and eventually became a standard form.

His body of work reflects the cultural contrasts between his own Protestant ways and those of the higher Church, and certainly deserves to be known at least as well as his celebrated Canon

It is not known when Pachelbel composed his famous Canon. The work was originally scored for three violins and continuo, each violin entering in turn and elaborating on a simple theme as the piece gathers in strength and builds to a climax.

Canon

Johann Pachelbel

c1680

Canon and Gigue in D. A short piece for string orchestra. Length 5 minutes. Overplayed popular classic which has been featured in films, TV adverts, the 168 Aphrodites Child single Rain and Tears, Coolios rap single in 17, in lots of shopping malls and other piped-music palaces, and at the Funeral of Lady Diana Spencer.

A short sequence of notes in the bass is repeated 8 times, as the strings pile up the decorative layers on top the Canon in D has a mesmeric grace that has charmed modern audiences. Its not actually a canon but another popular baroque form a chaconne, with just a two-bar ostinato, with three violin parts coming in at an interval of two bars.

This song was written by Johann Pachelbel who lived from 165-1706.

The melody becomes more complex as the song progresses

and then at the end you return to playing it in thirds.

The sixteenth notes will be twice as fast as the eighth notes.

It is written in the key of D Major. You will be playing F# and C#.

If you are using an electronic keyboard, find a 4/4 rhythm.

They suggest a speed of 68, but you will start slower than this.

Observe the fingering between the staves. Where two notes are played at the same time,

the fingering indicated is for the top note. Please note that this sample paper on Pachelbel's Canon in D is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pachelbel's Canon in D, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Pachelbel's Canon in D will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Womans Perfect World

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A WOMAN'S PERFECT WORLD

Religion is often used as an excuse for what some may deem inappropriate behavior, or poor lifestyle choices. Many religious fanatics have been known to use biblical quotations, and reasoning's as a way to instill their beliefs on other cultures. Polygamy seems to be one of those choices. This lifestyle is one that has managed to live on throughout the ages.

Some women who choose polygamy would propose that it is an ideal lifestyle. The question is, ideal for whom? At first thought this lifestyle is obviously beneficial to the polygamist husband. After all, with multiple wives, there is always an abundance of women to fill one's needs and to see that all desires are met. He also has the freedom to take another new, sometimes very young, wife at many different stages in his life. These times may include, when he feels his older wife is getting to the point when she is no longer able to bare his children. Sometimes, these new wives are actually chosen by one of, or all, of his current wives. However, who meets the many needs of the women? The answer to that is simple, the husband's other wives.

The many wives in a polygamous marriage are always ready and willing to fill the voids left by the remaining wives. For example, if one wife is forced to work late, there is someone to care for the children, make dinner, and another still to take care of the husband, all without a second thought and all without special instruction(Joseph ).At first glance this situation may seem perfect. Imagine for a moment a world where there is no need for daycare, fast food, or affairs. What happens when the wives looks begin to fade, as they grow older, and possibly are no longer seen as attractive as they once were in their youth? No need to worry about the husband asking for a divorce, he will simply take another, younger, wife. It is the veteran wives responsibility to teach her the ropes. In these families, these women must be lifelong friends. They share the most intimate things in life, their children and their husband. No jealousy can live here. If it did, I would imagine there would be no harmony. How could they possibly survive if there were insecurities among the women? It could become the ultimate competition. They may always be left wondering if the husband preferred one wife over another, or if there were certain things he shared in private with one of the other wives, but not another. Mary Ben David, a plural wife herself of many years, believes only strong independent women can be part of a polygamous marriage, and that many monogamous relationships consist of women who don't possess their own identities, but rely on the identity of the husband(David ). It may appear to some however, that the exact opposite is true.

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The chores are usually separated equally. In plural families there are sometimes as many as fifteen children, the work seems never-ending. Some wives work inside the home, some work outside. Career moms without the juggling. No more guilt about working late, or not being there to do homework. There's always someone there to tuck the babies in, nurse them to sleep, and know which is their favorite story. For many of today's working mothers this sounds too good to be true.

If my husband expressed a desire for another wife, this would be a nightmare for me. In my perfect world, it is the man I've chosen that meets these needs. The man I have children with, that knows their schedule, and can whip up an "on the spot" meal. If and when I work late, he will be sure their needs are met. When I get older, and my looks fade, our relationship may change, but he will love and respect me for all I've given and given up for our relationship. We will raise our children together. He will pick up my slack, as I will his.

In a marriage where there is more than one wife, and only one husband, where is the intimacy? Although the husbands reassuringly insist he makes enough time for everyone, and that each wife is satisfied completely, but where is the "partnership"? The plural families argue it is a team effort. Even more importantly, what is if any, the role of the husband? Most polygamist husbands contend this is the style of marriage "authorized by God". They claim "there is no problem in God's eyes with plural families". They firmly believe that polygamy is for women. To ensure they are able to marry the man they want to, regardless of his marital status (Chapman 1). According to USA Today editorials, He usually works, most often a mediocre job, as in the case of Tom Green, a paralegal who became the first man to be put on trial for polygamy in fifty years. A good percentage of polygamist husbands are farmers, or tradesman, as this gives them more time to devote to the church, and their families. Certainly not one that pays well enough to carry the load of so many children. Luckily, he has at least three other working adults in the family. However, if the polygamist husband wasn't fathering so many children, would the family have the need for adult incomes? The women in these families sometimes work from home, telemarketing, or selling what they grow in the garden, and others still hold clerical jobs in town.(Utah's first polygamy trial in fifty years..).

Although polygamy has been practiced for hundreds of years, dating back to the 1800s in North America, it has become convenient, and beneficial for today's working women (VanWagoner 6).Without the need for daycare it must relieve a lot of the added pressure of working motherhood.. The wives always have someone to trade duties with, in case they need a break. Wives in monogamous marriages don't have that benefit. They only have one other person to fall back on, where as women in single families often don't have anyone else.

What if the tables were turned? Maybe a woman's perfect world isn't what these families believe. Maybe it's a world that practices polyandry, a family of one wife and many husbands. Although this is said to be condemned by all major world religions, I think I have a good idea why. It seems like a situation that would really empower women. A life where a woman has sexual freedom without threat of a "bad reputation"being able to chose which bed she sleeps in, with whom she spends her special time. The wife would then become the center of the family. Imagine this for just a moment A world where, all repairs are done in a timely manner. A husband's lifelong friends are ones that the wife chooses. A night out with the boys can be spent in the living room, and the wife wouldn't mind a bit. One husband to cook, one husband to do laundry, one husband to do dishes. There would never be a shortage of funds, or attention. What child wouldn't benefit from multiple constant male role models? Not any that I know of. Maybe women would then be able to have careers, other than raising children.

Polygamy is not illegal. What's illegal is registering more than one marriage at the same time, without getting a divorce. That's bigamy, which is illegal in all fifty states. However, some estimate that as many as 60,000 people live in plural marriages in Utah. The Mormon church, which is famous for supporting polygamy among their followers, threaten excommunication of members who practice polygamy(Bertola 1).

Polygamy is what one makes of it. Those people who are raised in "traditional families" would likely be horrified at the thought. They might find it outdated, possible brainwashing of young women suffering from low self-esteem. These girls are taught at a very young age to choose a man who has "proven himself a good provider" even though he's already married.(Chapman) That they need to share their men, because there are very few "good Christian men" available, Is it possible they don't feel worthy enough to have a man of their own? These women who are raised in a close-knit community are taught, at a very young age that men should love their wives and wives should be submissive to their husbands, may not see an alternative. It may very well be a convenient excuse for what some might consider " selfish working women" who don't want to raise their own children. Could it possibly be a religious shield used by men who want to have an unlimited number of sexual partners without breaking any unwritten moral code? They all seem to be ,God fearing, Bible quoting individuals, who truly believe what they preach.

In our society there are a number of children are being raised in so-called undesirable ways, including, single parent households, or households of same gender parents ,or more importantly, children who aren't even being raised by their own parents and are placed in foster care. Is the traditional woman/man married, stay together until death do us part, family gone? In our society where the "non-traditional" family has become the norm, is there a place for plural marriages? This issue causes one to ask the ultimate question, what is "normal"?

Normal may be the atmosphere and environment to which you've become accustomed . The real questions I'd like the answers to are simple. Can women be happy, and content in this type of atmosphere? Can she really grow as an individual? More importantly, can children raised in plural families thrive, grow up to be well-rounded, and socialized adults. Will they grow up to form plural marriages of their own, or, will they become part of "mainstream" America? Will they have any desire , or need?Please note that this sample paper on A Womans Perfect World is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Womans Perfect World, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on A Womans Perfect World will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Socialism: The Family Planning Solution

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Socialism The Family Planning Solution

Between 1 and 145 the Jewish population went from fifteen million to nine million. Jewish people were unjustly singled out for persecution and many lost everything before the sadistic mastermind could be stopped.

"The local headquarters for the Firma Otto Heil […] located in the town of Kamionka […] was by no means the only large German company to move operations to Polish soil to reap greater wartime profits. I.G. Farben had a large chemical factory in Monowitz, part of the Auschwitz complex. […] Whenever the claim is made that no one knew about the death camps and exploitation of Jewish labor, it should be remembered that these giant companies, many still in business, made use of this labor and that thousands of their employees worker right alongside the dying, skeletal Jews" (Halpern 5).

America stands on the brink of facing her own "Holocaust" if action is not taken. The current capitalist society is basically a politicians' democracy which creates the perfect breeding ground for such atrocities to occur. The American people already allow for killing by abortion. By outlawing this practice the population will increase and society will have to develop a more complete welfare system that is possible only through socialism. Transformation of the current family planning system by abolishing abortion would facilitate the transition in America to a worker's democracy, that being socialism.

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Socialism is an economic and political pact that stresses public and community ownership of profitable property. Properties used to manufacture goods and services, such as land and industrial sites, are considered profitable. Within the constructs of this society all people able, excluding children and those of retirement age, are expected to work. Community ownership is viewed as the solution to the abundant public problems that plague civilizations, such as poverty and the inequalities found among the different social classes of people.

Karl Marx, by far the most significant socialist in history, co-wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels which ultimately led to the formation of the First International (Schneck 1). Marx, a philosopher and economist, and Engels, a journalist, were both Germans who saw private property as the downfall of modern societies. Marx contended that the weaknesses of capitalism would foster its deterioration, thus enabling the working class to eradicate private property. The First International convened in 1865 in London and resulted in the idea of a revolution towards state socialism, rule strictly by the working class (1).

While many socialists agreed with the First International, some believed that reform needed to occur gradually rather than from an abrupt transformation. This concept, termed moderate socialism, matured throughout the later 1800's and early 100's to become the central focus of many new socialist groups. The Fabian Society, established in 1884 in the United Kingdom, was just one outcome of the new movement (1).

Although socialism surfaced in Europe in the 1800's, it did not find a home in the United States until 101 (). Eugene V. Debs, who ran for president of the United States four times, and Victor L. Berger, who served in Congress, were influential members of the Socialist Party (). The Socialist Party, a combination of labor advocates and Christian socialists, managed to influence politics without ever having a candidate win the presidential election. The Christian socialists emphasized biblical visions of communal property with each individual working towards a united goal of harmony. The Socialist Party also sprouted presidential candidate Norman M. Thomas whose ideas influenced the national recovery aspects of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal ().

Despite the fact that many socialist ideas were being utilized in the United States, the Cold War weakened the interest of socialism because many connected it with Communism. This lack of attraction during the 140's and 150's paved the way for the development of a new socialism during the 160's and 170's designated the New Left (). Sizeable capitalist corporations, advertising effects, and lack of adequate welfare programs were scrutinized by affiliates Herbert Marcuse, Noam Chomsky and Michael Harrington. The fall of the Soviet Union in 11, left many regarding socialism as inferior which furthered the need for socialist groups to adopt various other names in order to operate effectively.

Age-old beliefs such as "it takes a village to raise a child" ring true, even today, and can be used in conjunction with socialism to help ease serious societal problems. Children, especially in low-income areas, run rampant and lack some much needed guidance. A comprehensive welfare system is not the only benefit that socialism would have on these communities. The very basis of socialism demands that the needs of everyone be considered alike, with the good of all humankind as the goal. To instill such a feeling of worth and importance in people who were formerly repressed would do wonders for humanity. No longer would big businesses be allowed to exploit their workers. Economic diversities would diminish thus alleviating the immense poverty issues that plague America's cities.

Medically assisted procreation (MAP) has become increasingly more prevalent in recent years, with an estimated 500,000 children born to artificially inseminated women by 18 (Githens 1). Whereas most activists hold steadfast ideas concerning the status of the fetus when dealing with abortion, the leftover MAP embryos have created a gray area of controversy. Although artificial insemination has been on record since the 1700's, it was the technology of cryogenic preservation that paved the way for in vitro fertilization (IVF) to vastly expand fertility options (11). Cryogenic preservation, the process of freezing and thawing sperm (140), fertilized embryos and ova has been regarded as a miracle by many couples who long for a family (11). Anti-abortionists question what happens to the remainder of the embryos whom are not chosen. They fail to find a distinction between the end result of the surplus of embryos and direct abortions. The world faces various imminent dangers due to overpopulation yet society allows for the artificial creation of life.

Family planning has become just another name for eugenics. MAP is an expensive process which allows it to retain an elite status. Politicians and physicians introduced artificial insemination slowly and have concentrated on exploiting its intense emotional effects on families to gain support from American citizens. As technology advanced, prospective parents could begin choosing certain genetic traits such as sex, hair and eye color, and soon personality and intelligence, as well as avoiding birth defects. "Applied biogenetics, as well as MAP, are thus immediately labeled as tools of racism, a first step toward the horrific Final Solution of Nazi Germany" (1). Eliminating socialists became the aspirations of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini due to the fundamental effect that socialists had in preventing the Nazi occupation of Europe. Socialism must awaken in humanity in order to prevent history from repeating itself.

Family planning activists argue that the Roe v. Wade (17) decision did not invent abortion. On that argument the abortion activists are correct, but they neglect to admit that their "victory" opened the door for eugenics. Politicians allowed for the significance of the decision to be placed on the shoulders of women's rights to disguise the underlying after shocks they desired. Throughout American history the seeds of change have been planted unusually long before a desired harvest of conversion. This is exemplified by the Population Council having to hide their underlying motive to ultimately change the current family planning policy from the media during the 150's (Baker ). By turning the focus of family planning, including abortion, to a women's rights campaign movement the research necessary to carry out eugenics was allowed to proceed openly, although under false pretenses.

Many maintain that socialism lacks the necessary economic flexibility that the technological world receives from capitalism. Socialism would eliminate the economic depressions that have plagued the United States during its history, including the one it is currently in. Capitalism may provide plasticity, but it also drives a wedge between the social classes of people and causes extreme unrest. It is not by coincidence that the richest and most influential individuals and corporations glorify capitalism; they are the ones with the most to lose. Ironically, it is those people who also would benefit the greatest from the implementation of socialism, which would allow them to assess their worth from within instead of materialistically.

At the beginning of the twentieth century Germany had expertise in various fields of knowledge, such as science, medicine and technology. They were an exceedingly educated and an unquestionably cultured society, yet they lacked the vital component of ethics. "The Holocaust was different because it came at the hands of those we would have been certain were incapable of committing atrocities. […] The death camps were designed by professors and built by Ph.D.s." (Blech 1). The United States today in the 1st century finds itself on the forefront of much technological advancement. Whereas no one contends the hi-tech aspects of American society, can anyone be assured that ethical standards are being utilized? If we do not learn from our history then we are doomed to repeat its horrific events. Socialists were targeted by Hitler and Mussolini because socialism way the only way to stop the Nazi activity. Politician Eduard Bernstein asserted that "socialism must be achieved within a democratic system" by making "members of the middle class […] allies and striv[ing] for practical reforms instead of revolutionary change" (Schneck ). For America to remain the home of the free her citizens must abolish the current family planning system, including abortion, and set up a socialist society.

Works Cited

Baker, Kristen Lynn. "Abortion The Savior of Democracy." Unpublished Essay.

Columbia Basin Community College at Pasco, 00.

Blech, Rabbi Benjamin. "Civilized Murderers." Aish.com. 1.

http//www.aish.com/holocaust/issues/Civilized_Murderers.asp

(1 Aug. 00).

Ellis, Rabbi Eliahu, and Rabbi Shmuel Silinsky. "Scientific Jew Hatred." Aish.com.

00.

http//www.aish.com/holocaust/overview/Scientific_Jew_Hatred.asp

(1 Aug. 00).

Halpern, Sam. "Sam Halpern- Personal Testimony." Aish.com. 16.

http//www.aish.com/holocaust/people/sam_halpern1.asp

(1 Aug. 00).

Schneck, Stephen. "Socialism." World Book Online Americas Edition.

http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/ar?/na/ar/co/ar51770.htm

(8 Aug. 00).

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