Gifts of the jews

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BOOK REVIEW

Thomas Cayhill's The Gift Of the Jews

Chapter 1

The book begins by commenting on the written word, which was carved in Sumer of Uruk, the world's first civilization and perhaps earliest city. It is stated that this writing "invention" came out of necessity to be able to keep and reference accounts and transactions. Thus, written symbols took the place of human memory. When reading further into this chapter and getting some insight into the Sumerian people, I can now somewhat understand their desire to improve recording methods and account summaries. Cayhill praises the Sumerians by describing their relatively "sophisticated" lifestyle. They were advanced in the areas of farming, mathematics, husbandry, and medicine, as well as possessing many other skills and talents. Overall, the Sumerians are described as practical and down-to-earth businesspeople.

This chapter brings up an interesting and ironical point that although the Sumerians, "the black-headed people" invented writing, the instrument that makes history possible, they themselves had no sense of history. Partly because of this, Sumerian stories and tales miss the sense of development that has become the norm in all modern works. Cayhill relates their story-telling techniques to a young child repeating a joke they heard, yet the punch-line is of no importance to them and usually there isn't one. Aside from their lousy literary structure, Cayhill says that we today enjoy these stories because we can associate some of our emotions with theirs, and therefore feel closer to them.

A solid portion of the chapter is dedicated to summarizing a Sumerian work that has perhaps impacted our culture more than any of their other literatures. The story is called the Epic of Gilgamesh, a legend of a hero called Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk during the third millennium B.C. This story begins with a piece of poetry that describes and glamorizes the city of Uruk. The story includes themes of loneliness, friendship, love, teamwork, lust, and other important topics that surround our culture today. Towards the end, Gilgamesh loses his dear friend Enkidu and, after seven days of grieving, he sets out to obtain the secret of immortality. The epic concludes when Gilgamesh finally finds the only mortal man who has been granted immortality (Ut-napishtim, who is the model for the biblical Noah) who offers him some advice that Cayhill believes to be the main lesson of this work. In short, Gilgamesh is told that no matter how hard he tries, he will not be able to avoid or escape death. He is advised by the alewife to enjoy life while he is still alive, to appreciate the things he has and those around him.

The chapter concludes with Cayhill describing similarities and differences between Sumerian qualities and those of our society today. He also says that portions of the Hebrew Bible have evolved from Sumerian times, emphasizing the tail of the primordial flood and the ark that preserved life.

Chapter

Chapter two begins by mentioning a topic that was discussed briefly during one of our lectures, which involves the idea that so many of the major aspects of our world move in a circular fashion. Namely, primitive humans looked to heaven and saw what Cayhill calls the "wheel of life," which revolved around the "hub of death." Cayhill mentions that a work was recently found in Australia that is perhaps the earliest human art, about 75,000 years old. This piece consists of a series of circles which in Cayhill's mind, acknowledges the patter of the "ever-turning wheel." Animals are mentioned which were thought to be earth animals manifested by the moon, or, "moon-creatures." These include a snake, spider, bull, oyster with its pearl, snail, and a bear. Cayhill explains that however illogical it may seem to us, these theories produced by primitive man are the same as our attempts to fine some truth out there.

Cayhill then goes into the "begettings" of Terah, who are made up by Avram (Abraham), Nahor and Haran. He then goes into the journey of Terah, Avram, Lot and Sarai. They left from Ur of the Chaldeans, and set out for Canaan. However, they settled in the land of Harran, where Terah died. The question is brought up as to whether or not these citizens of Ur planned to settle in Harran instead of Canaan. The justification for such an argument lies in the fact that Terah and his family were well established int eh land of Ur. Why would they want to leave that for Canaan, a land where the people ate their meat raw and did not know how to bury their dead. Regardless of the intent, Cayhill moves on to include the excerpt of a voice coming to Avram, which probably took place in Harran. After being blessed and promised a great nation, Avram, along with Sarai and Lot, set out for Canaan. Cayhill brings up a point that no matter how far away they travel from their original home, their Sumerian heritage went with. Cayhill then relates this to an insight that everyone can take away from this. Avram, Sarai and Lot "could no more escape this mind-set of their culture any more than we can escape ours. The lesson, in my eyes, is that things do not change overnight. One cannot leave a place and expect to rid himself/herself of all that he wants to leave behind. This perspective of the Sumerian includes, as mentioned earlier, the emphasis on and importance of business. Another viewpoint, stated well by Ut-napishtim and other Sumerian proverbs, revolves around the selfishness and impurity of man. "Man behaves badly," and "Never has a sinless child been born."

After the death of Terah, the remaining three set out on their journey. Avram is described as a childless man who is sent by his god to make his "great nation," although he does not know where he's headed. Cayhill then depicts him as the chosen leader who must emerge from the people, who know that everything ends in death, and teach them to dream of something new in the future. It is mentioned that virtually every population of peoples would have scorned Avram's attempts and shook their heads in disbelief.

Chapter

In the beginning of chapter three, Cahill does his best to encapsulate the power of God. All dialogue between God and human is initiated by God. "This God" is not the main character of a myth, nor is he a typical "ancient divinity" or "achetypal gesturer." Rather, he is an actual personality who has, by changing the course of life as humans know it, made life and everything that surrounds it, unpredictable.

Please note that this sample paper on gifts of the jews is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on gifts of the jews, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on gifts of the jews will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era

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Since the Revolutionary War, Americans have been fighting for the freedom and basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not surprising that women took part in this continuing battle for rights during the Progressive Era, an time in American History distinguished by it spirit of reform and betterment. The most notable attempts to gain rights for women came from the "woman movement" and the feminist movement, both of this time period. Although the approaches by which the "woman movement" and the feminists undertook in seeking out equality were different, they were each successful in their own right.

Out of this Progressive Era mood of reforms and change came the "woman movement". The movement was mostly made up of middle class women that believed women were by nature, caretakers and therefore better at making social decisions. Social Housekeeping" was best preformed by women since it was they that possessed the "special, even superior, traits as guardians of family and morality" needed to better the ills of society. They fought to establish an identity for women as social workers and the right to vote was necessary to ensure their accreditation as members in society. Women of this movement and time felt responsible for the duties of reform and the morality of society. The right to vote was critical to the "woman movement" since it would provide the means to achieve additional reforms.

Forming social groups and organizations helped this movement bring credit and success to their notion.

Without the right to vote, these women needed a means of accomplishing "social housekeeping" and formed literary and educational organizations that could serve an a voice for their views on public affairs and social issues. They worked for reforms and improvements in child labor, housing improvements, education, consumer protection and racial equality. Such activists as Jane Addams and Florence Kelly worked to improve the lives of women in slums by providing education, art appreciation, better wages and better housing. One group that came about as a result of the movement was the National Association of Colored Women, whose goal was to establish nurseries, kindergartens and retirement homes. Because black women were barred from political participation of any kind, they worked independently collecting donations door-to-door for their own cause and communities. They focused on programs that supported the advancement of young black women and the protection of these women from sexual exploitation. Social reform groups also came out of the Black Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) churches. One of the most important accomplishments of the woman movement besides the significant reforms they accomplished was the new profession it created for women as social workers. Once a male dominated career, women were now seen as capable of performing social work.

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As the movement continued into the 100's, feminists emerged with a different goal in mind. Feminists sought to organize women together and focus on the woman as an individual with rights as opposed to the goal of the "woman movement" to correct the ills of society. Their movement was based on the "rights and self-development" of women. It was about giving women control over their bodies and minds. It called for women to unite together and work towards fighting "gender-based distinctions". Notable leaders include Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, leaders of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The NWSA focused on using politics to accomplish their goal of suffrage. They lobbied politicians to introduce legislation but were unsuccessful due to opposing politician that claimed " suffrage would interfere with women's family obligations". Sex rights and birth control issues were raised by Margaret Sanger after she began distributing literature and information on birth control to poor women and middle class women. Later feminists, led by Harriet Stanton Blatch, continued the fight for the right to vote, persuading women it was their responsibility to help each other and that by voting they would "promote and protect women's economic roles."

These feminist organizations, similar to the woman movement, had outlets to influence and demonstrate their views. They would launch writing campaigns, sending thousands of letters to politicians and society figures. They held public meetings and rallies with marching bands that gained a great deal of attention from the public. They used publications from their organizations for the distribution of their materials or distribution of their information. Most importantly, instead of public affairs, feminists used politics to publicize their goals.

Ultimately, it was the roles women played during World War I as nurses, volunteers, factory laborers and municipal workers that convinced politicians and the federal government of their right to vote. The right to vote came in 10 with the passing of the 1th amendment. It would take decades, however, until women would achieve social acceptance and still remains unaccomplished in some regards. Although it has been eighty-three years since the fight for suffrage was won, some feel as though women have not reached an equal status in society and for them, the fight must continue. Please note that this sample paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on The Woman Movement of the Progressive Era will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Legal studies : family law

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Evaluate the effectiveness of the legal system in responding to changing community values in terms of achieving justice for family members

• History has shown, women being inferior, and submissive to men. They have relied on them for monetary�financial support and social status. There was no notion of the equality of sexes, and men held the dominant position in society. This was also the case in marriages, and consequently had various emotional, physical and mental affects on family members.

• Over time, society's values and beliefs have changed. New morals and ethics have been adopted due to catalysts such as, new philosophies and phenomenal outbreaks which have changed the community's views. The legal system has therefore responded to these changing community values, in order to achieve justice for family members.

• The concept of the equality of sexes has consequently changed the foundation of marriages and relationships, especially in relation to that of family members. Women are no longer seen as inferior, weak objects but rather, are able to stand on their own feet both financial and emotionally, and do not undergoes the burdens of post 1st century.

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• This creates a more equal balance in the relationship, and may leave a more stable and pleasant outlook for the family members. Due to the fact that more women are working, it generally takes away that financial burden placed on the shoulders of the husband which leads to disputes.

• However this is not in correlation with figures, which show that the divorce rate has elevated to an all time high, in this century. Marriages are broken up due to insignificant reasons, which in the past would have been dealt with. This hence, shows the changing community values on marriage. Marriage is no longer an obligation for life, and can be broken at any time, due to various legislations and acts which have been put in place.

• The instability in marriages has significant detrimental effects on the children, who have been conceived as a result of the marriage. Problems associated with custody, and various complications with the law, all leave the children in a position of insecurity and can have negative implications and side effects.

• The media has acted as a major catalyst for these changes that have been brought about as a result of changing community values.

• The concept of family has been further broadened with the NSW parliament passing the Property (relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1 on 1 June. This Act amends the De Facto Relationships Act 184, extending the rights given to heterosexual couples to same sex couples and people in domestic relationships e.g. carers. The de facto relationships Act 184 has been renamed the property Relationship Act 184. The legislation amends a range of other Acts and influences the division of property on relationship breakdown, inheritance, decision-making in the event of death, compensation, stamp duty and amendments to superannuation law at the federal level. Such changes will certainly affect the way the law views the concept of a family. (put this in ur own words, its from the book!)

• There has been a growing rate of single-parent families in Australia, due to the growing number of teenage girls who have been sexually irresponsible and have fallen pregnant. In actual statistical terms, single parent families' account for less than 0% of single parent families, the majority are formed by families affected by divorce, separation or because of the death of a partner. Access to the legal system and legal services for single parent families may be inadequate due to factors such as; isolation, both geographically and socially, perceived costs of legal services, ignorance of the law and legal services, and the fear of being labeled or accused. This lack of access to the legal services creates an ineffectiveness in the legal system, in achieving justice for family members.

• However, the government provides financial assistance to single parent families, through the social security system, which is their source of financial existence. This is effective to some extent, however recently, governments have become increasingly less welfare oriented. Social security laws have become more severe and politicians, as well as the media have been targeting this group. Social security legislation and welfare agencies continue to be responsible for the well-being of people belonging to this family group.

• Effective measures which have been taken to achieve justice for such family members are schemes such as the Child support scheme, which was introduced in July 18, which was introduced to enforce maintenance orders on those parents who did not have residence orders. Also, centrelink and the child support agency will help single parents gain child support payments if their ex-partners are failing to make payments.

• The legal system has been effective to an extent and ineffective in other aspects in achieving justice for family members. Although there is the court systems, parliamentary groups, lobby groups (add more in if u can think of any) in which individuals can access, there are limits faced to general members in our community who have a lack of access to the legal system, and face difficulties due to resource efficiency. Please note that this sample paper on Legal studies : family law is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Legal studies : family law, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Legal studies : family law will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Othello

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The Heart's Battle Between Good and Evil

In Shakespeare's "Othello", the reader is presented with the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. Immediately the reader is led to believe the two main characters are the opposite of each other. Othello being honorable, trustworthy and moral, who seeks to stop conflict. Iago being deceptive, cunning and immoral, who revels in conflict. One critic wrote that Iago had a "sense of coolness, the coolness of a preconceiving experimenter" (Coleridge 40).

This is all first evident when Iago and Roderigo awaken Brabantia and inform him of the marriage of his daughter to Othello. The play revolves around the malicious acts of Iago, his evil plans of making himself better than Othello. Iago conceives a plan to make Othello doubtful and unsure of his wife Desdemona.

Othello is known for his great bravery and experience as a soldier, described by the Duke as "Valiant Othello". He is proud of his profession and believes that his reputation as a soldier is an important part of his noble position. Othello shows great love and devotion to his wife Desdemona, the one truly good natured character in the play. She is honest, innocent and unsuspecting. Coleridge claims there exists an "over zeal of innocence in Desdemona" (48). Othello truly loves Desdemona with all his heart. Coleridge remarks that Othello was an "enthusiastic admirer, almost worshipper, of Desdemona" (46). Othello's love is demonstrated through the huge amount of jealousy he bares after Iago fuels suspicions that she has been seeing Cassio.

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Iago is a sly and manipulative character who is driven by hate and jealousy. He gives the reader an indication that he is not what he seems to be in the early stages of the play. Iago is a bitter and disappointed man who openly admits he is a self-serving deceiver. The literary critic, A.C. Bradley, expresses that "such a deception would be a thing so monstrously wicked that he can hardly conceive it credible" (16). He has an obvious hatred for Othello. This hatred began because Othello chose Cassio, a foreigner, to be his Lieutenant resigning Iago to the position of his Ancient. This led to Iago's angry of jealousy erupting and the tragedies of the play beginning. He believes those who have wounded him personally and professionally should suffer. To the reader Iago appears to be an extremely disturbed person who is at peace with no one. Bradley acknowledges that Iago was an "exceptionally noble and trustworthy man, but endured the shock of a terrible disillusionment" (147). He has a hatred of humanity and an apparent desire to destroy the lives of those around him, including his wife Emilia. He holds her with little regard and is disrespectful and demeaning to her.

As the play progresses we see a turning point in Othello's behavior. Guided by Iago, he slowly changes onto the side of evil, which is seen most clearly in what is known as the Temptation Scene. He has been drawn into Iago's web of deceit and he believes every persuasive word Iago tells him. Iago is clever and never openly speaks of Desdemona's "unfaithfulness until he is sure he has Othello trapped in his deceiving lie. Iago's extreme evil can also be seen here. He is manipulating Othello's mind and emotions; pointly telling him his wife has been having sexual relations with Cassio. This suggestion puts Othello in such an emotional turmoil that he is lost in a trance. Bradley concludes

There is no subject more exciting than sexual jealousy rising to the pitch of passion; and there can hardly be any spectacle at once so engrossing and so painful as that of a great nature suffering torment of this passion, and driven by it to a crime which is also a hideous blunder. (14)

Iago's control over Othello is so strong that he convinces him to consider killing Desdemona.

The way in which Othello decides to kill his wife is profoundly touching, as to how and the location. He suffocates her with a pillow, no blood or pain in their bedroom, a place of intimacy where he loved her the most. This only repeatedly shows his love for her, demonstrating that he killed her purely out of revenge, not wishing for her to suffer. Desdemona's lifeless body was discovered by Emilia. It is at this point that Iago's web of deceit begins to unfold. Emilia reveals all of Iago's schemes to Othello, who, full of remorse, takes his own life. After Iago discovers that Emilia has betrayed him, he kills her, further showing his true evilness. He then flees, only to be caught and brought to justice.

There is no question that Iago is an evil, scheming manipulator, who is the root cause of deaths to good characters in the play. Iago exploits the other characters in the play to work specifically toward his goal of revenge. He clearly has no remorse for his actions and gleams in the win of revenge over Othello. Othello is a truly a person of good character and heart. His deep love of Desdemona is portrayed throughout the play. Othello, unfortunately, let's the lies of men and the jealousy in his mind get to best of him. Bradley concludes that

Such jealousy as Othello's converts human nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man; and it does this in relation to one of the most intense and also the most ideal of human feelings.

The play reflects upon the question of how can a good person turn into an evil individual? The strong physical emotions and the way human minds can be molded with like putty can be one way to explain the decisions made by Othello and Iago and possible

offer an explanation of the tragedies of "Othello".

Works Cited

Coleridge, Samuel. Shakespearean Criticism. London J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 160.

Bradley, A.C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Ballantine Books, 18.Please note that this sample paper on othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on othello, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Globalization

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Globalization. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Globalization paper right on time.

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Introduction

Globalisation is defined by the IMF (The International Monetary Fund) as the increasing integration of economies around the world, predominantly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labour) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. The term globalisation has come into common usage since the 180s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and faster to complete international transactions. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

Understanding globalisation

Globalisation can be understood as having economic, political and cultural dimensions where companies are selling products the same way throughout the world, treating it as a single market. It is the process of business structuring in a worldwide market; creating growth and profit opportunities in production and distribution. Globalisation can also be seen as the process of rapid economic integration between countries, and increasing international trade and foreign investment has further driven it. (World Bank Policy Research Report Overview, 00)

Do my essay on GlobalizationCheap research paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge"

fortify city of Pisa during war time.

It has been 500 years since Leonardo da Vinci recorded his thoughts and designs in

notebooks for us to marvel at, and within these notebooks I am interested in the "Codec

Madrid II", which dealt with military architecture and Leonardo plans to divert the Arno

river. The Codec Madrid were rediscovered in 165 in Madrid after being officially lost

since 180. This is were the arguments become interesting. Many are unsure whether or

not Leonardo da Vinci originated the design of the diversion of the Arno River to help

fortify Pisa for war. There are many arguments about whether or not Leonardo originated

idea to divert the Arno River. Scholars and experts alike have many different angles to

this design. Experts say he would have known it was a hopeless project because of the

environment, war, and lack of manpower. There are many who think the Florentines

came up with this design 100 years before Leonardo was born.

The wars and campaigns in Italy began in the 1500's because of political conflicts

between the great powers. All involved parties had to maintain the best possible defense

as well as their means of attack. Since new firearms, explosives, and artillery were

developing all the time, they had to alter the systems of fortifications and technical

warfare became more important. It was only natural that Leonardo da Vinci with his

theory and practice of architecture throughout his life should also be included to the field

of defense architecture and strategic engineering studies.

In 150 the Florentine Republic started a new campaign against Pisa, and here

emerged the most daring plan to divert the course of the Arno river to cut off the sea

access so the Pisans could not get supplies. The big question is whether Leonardo had

any part in drawing this plan up or if he was just to perfect the idea. This must be left

undecided.

Scholars doubt that the Florentine plan to divert the Arno River was originated by

Leonardo, because they said he would have know from the beginning that such a feat

would be difficult in peacetime but very impossible during war time. The plan called for

canals to be dug 60 feet wide and 1 feet deep to carry the river as much as 7 miles off

it's normal course.

Being a man of practical knowledge of time-and-motion expert and he could figure

our how much digging men could do, how they ought to do it, and what it would cost.

This what Leonardo wrote in Codex Madrid II

I found that the complete excavation of the moat, which is, on average, 17 braccia wide,

and 16 braccia deep, and 40 braccia long, reduced to square braccia, amounts to

174,080 braccia. Which reduced to square canne, amounts to 70 canne. Of which,

those at the mountain, due to the difficulty offered by the rock, deserver 5 lire the canna,

an amount paid on other occasions to the diggers. (Leonardo da Vinci, Madrid II 10r)

With this in mind he knew he had to design a machine to help the dig process

because of inefficiency of men equipped with shovels. That is where the treadmill

powered digging machine design was born.

All of these calculations and work was erroneous. It was said that five times the

available manpower would have been necessary, according to more realistic calculations

by today's experts. Besides, the work had plenty of difficulties. It seemed to be

impossible to get the thousands of workers required, or to keep them working, especially

since they didn't get paid on time, and the section which was completed but could not

handle the mass of water that was fed to it and collapsed. By this time opinions were split

amongst the commanders, so the projects came to end in October 1504. The Florentines

continued fighting another five years only to surrender there city in 150.

As one of the greatest men in recent history , Leonardo da Vinci's genius remains

unbounded by time and technology. His dedication to the discovery of truth and the

mysteries of nature make his insightful contributions to science and technology legendary

in the Renaissance period. By helping to set an ignorant and superstitious world on a

course of reason, Leonardo's spirit lives on to influence the inventors, artists, and art

patrons of our own time. Whether or not Leonardo originated the design to divert the

Arno River doesn't matter it was he vision and challenging dedication that moves me and

many others. Some might argue that such ideas in the Renaissance time period should of

been too modern. They need to remember to whom there referring too.Please note that this sample paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Leonardo da Vinci "The Arno River Challenge" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Castro cuba

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Advertisement One Proactiv Solution

When reviewing a Proactiv Solution acne fighting medicine advertisement (see attached) there were many fallacies to be found within the ad itself, as well as the surrounding aids to the argument. The premises and conclusion of the advertisement are labeled accordingly on the attached add. As well the argument is designed as a variation of a V argument with three main premises, and one main conclusion. The first premise, however also acts as a sub-conclusion to the six quiz questions on the side of the advertisement which can be considered premises for that sub-conclusion. This is seen in the diagram below

The initial fallacy which is committed lies within the quiz questions which the advertisement has created for the reader to take in order to see if their product will "work for your acne". Each question which is provided is extremely vague allowing for anyone that has experienced even a single blemish to answer "yes" to at least three of the six questions, as well each question suffers from the false dichotomy fallacy as they suggest that each of the general options which are provided are exhaustive options. This is seen in all the questions but especially number two which states "Most of my break outs are small bumps and black heads, but sometimes I get those nasty megazits". These definitions, as well as those included in the other five questions are much to obscure for their use. This is observable again in question number two as there are many other types of blemishes which may occur as well, what exactly constitutes as a "megazit"? If one is to know if their specific skin type will be cured by such a product as Proactiv Solution the questions which identify the skin type must use specific terminology. Perhaps if the questions were more precise in their description the company would attract customers who have the skin type which the product would work affectively on. However, the companies aim is obviously not to attract the correct customers but rather as many customers as possible as is displayed by their catch-all type questions.

The second fallacy which the advertisement commits is found again within the first premise, however this time the fallacy is committed in the premise's circularity and equivocation. The premise is circular and in turn confusing for the reader as it states, "If you answered "yes" to at least three of these questions, the answer is a definite "yes!" Proactiv Solution was made for your skin type". This makes it unclear as to what the answer of "yes" is being said in reference to. The second problem with this premise is again that it states that if readers have answered "yes" to any three of the questions about bad skin; which the company has created along the side of the advertisement, then their acne medicine will work for the reader's skin type. Because both skin types and problems are very unique to each individual each question will be answered differently by every reader therefore it is equivocal to state that their Proactiv Solution is the single and solution that is "made" for each reader's skin type. This fallacy is once again committed in the conclusion as it states "get rid of them once and for all, with Proactiv Solution" implying that this medication will be the ultimate solution for the readers acne, which is untrue to say without relevant testing of any sort on the reader.

The third fallacy which is committed in the Proactiv Solution advertisement is within the statement "Hey, celebrities use this stuff. Why? 'Cause it works". This is quite obviously a fallacy of relevance and more specifically both an appeal to authority and an appeal to popularity. It is an example of both of the appeal to authority as it suggests that celebrities know more about skin care products, thus the reader should be convinced that the product is good because celebrities use it. This of course is not the case as although many celebrities do have skin which appears to be free of blemishes they do not necessarily know more about skin care products. In edition, the advertisement does not state how many celebrities use the product or which ones do, therefore the one or two celebrates that may have used the product at one time may indeed continue to be plagued by blemished skin.

This same argument also falls into the appeal to popularity fallacy because in our society many people in the general public admire and mimic celebrities. A large part of the general populous considers those with celebrity status and good looks as role models, and as a result many attempt to do what they can to become more similar to their role models. The fact that the premise is attempting to both convince the reader of the products effectiveness and entice the reader to purchase the product for their own use because some celebrities may uses their product is misleading; and this is increased by the fact that the advertisement was found in a Teen People magazine which is filled with celebrities and holds a primarily teen audience.

In addition to the particular fallacies found within the premises themselves there are other fallacies found throughout the advertisement as aids to the argument. Firstly the title of the advertisement states, "Can Proactiv Solution work for your acne? Take this quiz and find out". This insinuation that the solution to the readers acne problem will be found within the survey provided presupposes the truth that may or may not be found within the questions to follow. Thus, the title of the advertisement suffers from the begging the question fallacy. A more acceptable argumentative manner in which to state the title for this advertisement would be, 'Proactiv Solution An Acne Fighting Medicine'. Had the title been worded in such a manner false promises that both a solution and a conclusion to the reader's acne problem would be avoided.

Lastly, in addition to the title the pictures of an acne sufferer who now has clear skin supposedly because of her Proactiv Solution use, is yet another tool used to aid the faulty argument. The pictures themselves are fallacies as they too beg the question. They do this indirectly as they present first an image of a girl at age nineteen with mild acne, no make up or jewelry, unkempt hair, and a dejected look on her face. Next a picture of the same girl is presented although this time her appearance has drastically been altered. Now the girl; whose age is not stated, has clear skin, both makeup and jewelry on, done up hair, and a delighted look on her face resulting in the implied conclusion that Proactiv Solution is what has caused the change in her appearance and not the other factors.

Both the implied and directly stated premises and conclusions found in the Proactiv Solution advertisement when assessed in detail were found to have many faulty promises and misleading statements. These statements were designed to influence the largest amount of readers to buy the product and not help those who the product could have a possibility of working effectively for, therefore as was established in the arguments above the Proactiv Solution advertisement is as a whole an ineffective argument. Please note that this sample paper on castro cuba is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on castro cuba, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on castro cuba will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"

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As a matter for understanding United Methodist polity, arguably the most interesting, informative, and significant resolution in The 16 Book of Resolutions is the one entitled, By Water and the Spirit A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism. Though it is the result of an eight year study by the Baptism Study Committee and approved by the General Board of Discipleship and the 16 General Conference, the Judicial Council recently struck down the legislation that enabled its recommendations. The Judicial Council ruled that the distinctions made between baptized membership and professing membership are unconstitutional and invalid, and directed local congregations to return to the pertinent paragraphs of the 1 BOD as the governing cannon of the United Methodist Church. The result is that the categories of preparatory membership and full membership, remain as law. While the enabling legislation of this resolution was rejected, its theological substance was not. It is a tightly woven and theologically nuanced resolution that has as its purpose the recovery and revitalization of the understanding of baptism in contemporary United Methodism (p. 716). Very much a product of the movement begun in the 150s to re-appropriate the heritage of Wesleyanism, this report describes the historical understanding of the Methodist church that, since John Wesley, has contained a blending of both sacramental and evangelical aspects in its theology of baptism. This creative Wesleyan synthesis, it insists, was torn asunder and both its elements devalued (p. 717). Affected, in particular, has been the understanding that baptism is first and foremost a gift from God.

Not only is this resolution/report significant because of its theology and the legislative debate accompanying it, it is also terribly relevant to me because I am, this week, preparing to baptize and confirm a number of persons in two of the churches which I pastor. Included in the report itself are a number of suggestions for ways its contents might be implemented in the life of a local church. Its most obvious use is in a confirmation class to teach candidates the meaning and understanding of baptism. The report suggests that it be used along with The United Methodist Book of Worship and The United Methodist Hymnal as source material for study. I am tempted to suggest copying the report and giving it to candidates, but I suspect that it is too complicated an interpretation for most of the members of the confirmation class. I will be on the look out for a summary statement that can be of more help; in the meantime, will do my own work interpreting and explaining its substance.

Another place at which the resolution/report can be used is in the education of parents who are requesting baptism of their child. I have not heard of classes being offered for such an event. I have made an appointment to talk with parents individually about their understanding and a United Methodist theology of baptism. In a larger church, I would think that such classes might reasonably be offered�perhaps even as a part of a Sunday School program for parents whos infants are entering the nursery.

In addition to preparing for a baptismal service this week, I also have a person who is reaffirming her faith. Originally, she requested a re-baptism. After talking with her about what re-baptism would mean and a United Methodist understanding of baptism as an unrepeatable gift from God, she is gladly participating in a reaffirmation of her faith. Her reaffirmation will, in turn, become an opportunity to teach the congregation about baptism Gods gift of grace.

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A fourth suggestion for implementing the theology contained in the resolution, is to make use of other rites of the church (the Lords Supper, Christian Ministry, Christian Marriage, and a Christian Funeral), as appropriate teaching moments. Using these events to teach an understanding of baptism, is a recognition that the whole of life is an opportunity for learning the efficacy of Gods grace which we experience in baptism. Because, as the report says, Baptism is at the heart of the gospel of grace and at the core of the churchs mission, (p. 74), its efficacy is a central focus of the churchs teaching.

Finally, I would add that the whole debate sparked by the Judicial Councils legislative ruling, offers a unique and concrete opportunity to teach congregations about the polity workings of the United Methodist Church. Not only is the resolution a theological statement, its handling offers a unique case study in United Methodist polity. How does the General Conference work? What significance do resolutions have for United Methodists? What is the role of the Judicial Council? These are polity questions that could be used in a parish-wide class that I am considering offering this summer for persons who are wanting to know more about what it means to be a Methodist.

Bibliography

Balay, Diane Huie. UMCs 'high court strikes down 16 baptism legislation, in The United

Methodist Review, November 8, 17, p. .

By Water and the Spirit A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism, The Book of

Resolutions of the United Methodist Church, Nashville The United Methodist Publishing House, 16, pp. 716-75.

Felton, Gayle Carlton. This Gift of Water The Practice and Theology of Baptism Among Methodists in America, Nashville Abingdon Press, 1.

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Thoma Hobbes

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The Leviathan is a classic of English literature which is noteworthy of containing a rational construction of natural law as the basis of positive law. In preference to common law; it provides a representative theory of absolute authority. Thomas Hobbes culminates a systematic trilogy on physical bodies, human nature, and body politic. He never departed from the concept of philosophy which he defined as the knowledge acquired by reasoning from the manner of the generation of any thing to the properties or from the properties to some possible way of generation of the same; to be able to produce as far as matter and human force permit, such effects as human life requires. The leviathan expounded the religious doctrine of a holy commonwealth in terms of revelation of divine law. The image depicting Hobbes's leviathan is of a huge man, whose body is composed of thousands of smaller people, all towering above a well ordered city below. This represents an all powerful sovereign who represents the people and is in a sense the embodiment of their being. The natural philosopher, Thomas Hobbes lived during some of the most tumultuous times in European history -- consequently, it is no surprise that his theories were thoroughly pessimistic regarding human nature. In The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes asserts that the ideal form of government is composed of an omnipotent Sovereign, whose only innate responsibility to his subjects is to prevent civil war, which Hobbes feels is the natural state in which man would live without government. The Sovereign, he claims, is appointed by the people of a nation as their agent to maintain domestic order.

Man is not naturally good, Hobbes claimed, but naturally a selfish hedonist -- of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself. As human motives were, in their natural state, guided by unenlightened self-interest, these could, if left unchecked, have highly destructive consequences. Left unrestrained, humans, propelled by their internal dynamics, would crash against each other. Hobbes tried to envision what society would be like in a state of nature -- before any civil state or rule of law. His conclusion was dispiriting life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short, a war of every man against every man. Nonetheless, as all people are equal in a physical not a moral sense, possessing a passionate love of survival and some degree of rationality, Hobbes concluded that a viable, working society would arise as equilibrium between these competing forces. The logic is simple. Any persons right of nature justifies violence against everybody else. Consequently, in the interests of personal survival, people will come around to agreeing that they should renounce their right to use violence. However, this yields up a tense and unstable equilibrium. The moment one party deviates from their promise, all will deviate and war restarts.

To keep society going with peace and confidence, then an artifice -- a Leviathan -- must be worked into the social contract. This Leviathan is the State -- whether in the form of an absolute monarch or a democratic parliament, it does not matter. The important point is that the State will be given a monopoly on violence and absolute authority. In return, the State promises to exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace by punishing deviants. Realizing that its power depends wholly on the willingness of the citizens to surrender theirs, the State itself will have an incentive not to abuse it. Of course, there is no guarantee that it wont. But when it does, it must brace itself for the consequences. . Unfortunately, most leaders, particularly African leaders, are misusing the power of the sovereign and do not want to embrace its consequences. The Leviathan states, The first branch of the general rule of reason containeth the first, and Fundamental Law of Nature; which is, to seek Peace, and follow it. The Second, the Right of Nature; which is, by all means we can, to defend our selves'. Encompassed in these two basic rights is Hobbess entire argument for the institution of a sovereign ruler, which is firstly to protect a nations citizens from all other citizens, and secondly to protect the nation from all other nations. If peace cannot be achieved by stagnation, then the duty of the sovereign, and by contract the only duty of the sovereign, is to mobilize his subjects and declare war on any nation that poses a threat to the stability of his own. One of the interesting elements of Hobbess story is that concepts like morality, liberty, justice and property, have no natural, intrinsic or eternal meaning. They are pure social constructions. They are generated and imposed by the Leviathan, through his laws and institutions, to keep war and social disorder at bay. As history has shown, no set of values will last forever but will evolve as circumstances change. Hobbes is particularly keen to note that law itself is completely dependent on power. A law without a credible and powerful authority behind it is just simply not a law in any meaningful sense. Hobbes is thus one of the progenitors of legal positivism, that is, justice is whatever the law says it is. For Hobbes, power legitimates, power is justice. The State -- whatever its form -- is always, by definition, right, as long as it is capable of maintaining civil peace.

Generally regarded as one of the most prominent natural law philosophers of the 17th Century, Hobbes had an enormous impact on subsequent British political, social and economic theory. Naturally, his idea of a social equilibrium between contradictory self-interests is strikingly obvious in the various aspects of economics to the modern day especially in Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism where he expresses the Hobbesian hedonism_ 'Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand, the standard of right and wrong, on the other, the chain of causes and effects are fastened to their throne.' (Bentham,1780).

In concordance to Hobbes's views on the state of nature, the social contract and absolute government, sovereignty is the basis for a stable political regime of law and order and as to the whole doctrine, I see not yet, but the principles of it are true and proper. For I ground the civil right of sovereigns, and both the duty and liberty of subjects, upon the known natural inclinations of mankind, and upon the articles of the law of nature; of which no man, that pretends but reason enough to govern his private family, ought to be ignorant. The leviathan is the most complete expression of Hobbess philosophy. It begins with a clearly materialistic account of human nature and knowledge, a rigidly deterministic account of human volition, and a pessimistic vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in perpetual struggle against each other. It is to escape this grim fate, Hobbes argued, that we form the commonwealth, surrendering our individual powers to the authority of an absolute sovereign. For Hobbes, then, individual obedience to even an arbitrary government is necessary in order to forestall the greater evil of an endless state of war. Reference/ Bibliography

„X The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes with an introducton by Herbert W. Schneider

„X Philosophy-The classics byNigel Warburton.

„X Lecture eight notes

„X http//www.thomas-hobbes.com/

„X http//www.philosophypages.com/ph/hobb.htm

„X http//www.epistemelinks.com/Please note that this sample paper on Thoma Hobbes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thoma Hobbes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Thoma Hobbes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Key valus of united states culture

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Key Values of United States Culture

The United States has one of the most diverse cultures in the world. A culture that encompasses every place imaginable. As a country, the United States has a very strong national culture. Almost every culture in our country has an aspect that is similar to the culture of the nation as a whole. Equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and free enterprise, freedom, and racism and group superiority are ten of the key values Robin Williams identified that belong to U.S. culture. Age and background determine how each value is interpreted. Different generations, as well as, ethnicities can have shockingly different views about similar values.

A seventeen year old person, in comparison to a forty-five year old, is going to have drastically different opinions, as well as many similar ideas, about values, due to experience, peer values, family values, and personal values. Equal opportunity is a principal that our country was founded upon, and is an ideal that is still held with high respect around the country. In this case age makes little difference. Generally an older person has the same view as a younger person. Both generations believe in equal opportunity, and the only difference in opinion is due to experience.

Achievement and success again are interpreted similarly between the ages again. How success is measured is the variable in this case. Every person has the drive to be successful in some respect, what the person does, and how good they are at it is determines success. What is successful for a teen, could be the exact opposite of what and adult would deem successful. For example, a teen who has a high tolerance for alcohol, and can drink well, is considered to be successful by the peer group, but an adult would consider this to be detrimental and a failure.

With success, comes money, and with money, comes material possessions. American's need to succeed also drives their need for material comfort. Most Americans want to live comfortably, and living a comfortable life style involves having wealth. Americas drive for possessions is not limited to one age group. A teen has the drive to possess nice clothes, and good music, where as an adult wants to have a nice car, and a nice house.

America believes that, in order to succeed action must be taken immediately. A mind set like this leaves little time for refection. U.S. is based heavily upon the idea of action over reflection. Teens around the country measure their "worth" by what they can do. An adult who is a "doer" at work will get the promotions, and pay raises. Action is heavily emphasized in every day American life.

Practicality an efficiency are valued heavily in American culture. All things must be accomplished in the mos practical and efficient way. Teens are concerned with finding the fastest way to do their homework, and adults are more concerned with finding time to do things in their leisure time.

America is a culture of the "latest and the greatest,"and progress is of the upmost concern. The youth wants the newest most progressive sports gear, or entertainment system, where as an adult wants more practical and important things, such as cars or kitchen ware. One step forward every day is what America thrives upon.

Science in America is mostly concerned with advancing technology and explaining occurrences rationally. Young people, as a whole, are all for scientific advancement, if they can have softer hair for cheaper, or a new indestructible cell phone. Most Adults support scientific growth throughout America. Science is turned to connect them with relatives across the country family and supplement their social lives.

Free-enterprise and democracy are two principals that are deeply steeped in the culture of America. Most of American adults agree that a leader should be voted on by the people and the consumer should ultimately control the market. The youth in general does not know the extent of free-enterprise and democracy because of the lake of political exposure, and they have never had enough money to have the market effect their pocket money.

Every American values freedom, but sometimes forgetting how free America actually is. Most Americans, young and old want to live their life with as little government interference as possible. The belief that people should be allowed to pursue their personal goals at their own rate is a staple of the American ideal. There are twenty seven amendments to the constitution that concern our rights to freedom from the government.

Racism and group superiority have been present in the United States since it was form. In today's more enlightened society racism is becoming less of a problem. As minorities are quickly becoming majorities racism is starting to become irrelevant. Though this is true there is still the problem of discrimination in our country. The poor, handicapped, and people who belong to certain ethnicities, are still being discriminated against to this day. The young people are becoming less sensitive to racism, because they grow up with less of an idea of what it is and people who are different now not considered inferior. A greater degree of racism can be seen in adults and the elderly, because they were brought up when it was a common place occurrence, and was socially acceptable.

Robin William's insight into the soul of American culture has been proven true many times over. Each key value controls our everyday life, and our futures. Each of these values is instilled in every American by their family and peers, leading to a nation of people who, despite their differing backgrounds, can have essentially the same views on most topics. America is strong, and the proof is in the people. America will unite under our common culture to remain unified forever.

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Howard Florey

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Howard Florey was the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He shared the 145 award with the German refugee chemist Ernst Chain and the Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming. Working together at Oxford University, Florey and Chain built a research team that transformed penicillin (discovered by Fleming in 1) from a laboratory curiosity into a widely available drug.

Penicillin is one of the most efficient remedies ever discovered, and in the 140s its effects seemed almost miraculous. It revolutionized medicine, allowing once lethal infections, pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, meningitis, gas gangrene--to be cured. For infections that were resistant to penicillin, other antibiotics were soon found, including cephalosporin, which was also developed by the Oxford group.

Florey was born in Adelaide to a wealthy family. Rather than enter his fathers shoe-making business, he resolved to study medicine, and in 11 won a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford University. In the mid-10s, he became intrigued by the problem of extracting pure penicillin from the Penicillium mold without destroying its potency. He later assembled a multidisciplinary team--including his wife Ethel to work on manufacturing the drug. The technical difficulties of carrying out such a project in wartime Britain were enormous, and at first the team struggled to produce enough penicillin to cure a few infected mice. The amounts available to treat the earliest patients were so limited that the researchers concentrated the drug back from urine, then reinjected it. But (thanks in part to collaboration with well-funded U.S. researchers) by the time of the D-Day landings in 144, penicillin was available in sufficient quantities to save the lives of many wounded Allied and German soldiers.

In his approach to practical science, Florey was a true experimentalist, and is credited with establishing the nexus between physiology (normal function) and pathology (disease) that defines the discipline of experimental pathology.

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The Nobel and other accolades gave Florey great influence, which he used well. He visited Australia often, and his efforts were central to the establishment of the Australian National University as a postgraduate research university, a visionary idea for its time. Florey assumed responsibility for the initial phase of the ANUs John Curtin School of Medical Research, contributing greatly to the recruitment of a stellar group of founding professors. Though he continued living in England, he was chancellor of the ANU (making annual trips to Canberra), when he died at age 6 from cardiovascular disease. A typical Australian stoic, he suffered angina in silence for many years. Today, coronary bypass surgery would probably have given him a decade more of productive life.

Florey was a familiar figure to Australians of his time, but the 100th anniversary of his birth, in 18, attracted little public interest, even in his home town of Adelaide. When I spoke there at a well-advertised event in his honor, the Crows football team were on a winning streak and the press seemed terminally obsessed with Sir Donald Bradmans 0th birthday. Australia has not, so far, been looked on as a land of opportunity for the intellectual, Florey said in 158. That is changing, but young Australians need to be reminded that their country has produced great achievers in science, the arts and the world of ideas. A sophisticated society can support a broad pantheon of heroes.

Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel won the 16 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on viral infections and immunity, carried out at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.

BORN Sept. 4, 188, in Malvern, Adelaide

1 Attends Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship

15 Becomes Professor of Pathology at Oxford

14 His department publishes Antibiotics

160 Becomes first Australian president of the Royal Society

165 Becomes life peer as Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston

DIED Feb. 1, 168, in Oxford

Florey gathered a team of scientists at Oxford University in Britain in the 10s, when working together on scientific discoveries as a group was not at all common.

His team commenced a careful investigation of the properties of anti-bacterial substances that are produced by mould. One member of the team, Ernst Chain, found an article about Alexander Flemings work while flicking through a medical journal, and this prompted them to begin looking at penicillin.

Individual members of the group concentrated their attention on areas in which they had the most knowledge, but they often met to exchange ideas. Chain worked on purifying penicillin with Edward Abraham. Norman Heatley improvised methods for extracting penicillin using ether and bedpans (see penicillin production below). A. D. Gardner and Jena Orr-Ewing studied how penicillin reacted with other organisms. Howard Florey looked with Margaret Jennings at the impact of penicillin on animals. Ethel Florey later worked with her husband on clinical trials of penicillin.

In May, 140 they performed one of the most important medical experiments in history. The work was so urgent that they came in to begin the experiment on the weekend, and on Saturday 5 May, Floreys team tested penicillin on eight mice injected with a lethal dose of streptococci bacteria. Four of the mice were treated with penicillin, while four were used as controls. By the next day, the treated mice had recovered and the untreated mice were dead. In the early days of World War II, the lives of eight mice may seem insignificant. But their rescue by penicillin led to the treatment of Allied soldiers as early as D-Day, in June 144, and probably influenced the outcome of the war.

In 14 Florey travelled to North Africa to test the effects of penicillin on wounded soldiers. His trials were seen as a miracle. Instead of amputating wounded limbs or simply leave them to heal, he suggested soldiers wounds be cleaned and sewn up, and that the patients then be given penicillin. Thanks to Florey and his team, the drug was available to treat Allied troops by the end of World War II. It has since revolutionised medical science, saving millions of lives. Please note that this sample paper on Howard Florey is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Howard Florey, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Howard Florey will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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