Reparations for Slavery

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This paper touches on points made between four lawyers in the discussion on how it would be possible to get reparations for slavery. Is reparations for Blacks plausible? Does statement in their discussion have credence in the court of law, or is it merely just outcome over process? Views coming from Robert H. Bork (author of The Tempting America) and Stanley Fish (author of the trouble with Principle), will also be covered to agree or disagree with statements made in the Harper articles.

These four lawyers (Willie Gary, Alexander Pires, Richard Scruggs, Dennis Sweet) have come together to discuss to find a way to get reparation for African Americans for not only just slavery but also the affects slavery had on the Black population. Their first legal strategy is to file the case a simple lawsuit. After the war, former slaves were promised forty acres and a mule, and we never got it(Gary 57), and because of this they are trying to file this as a breach of contract case. The issue of statue of limitations arose but was quickly refuted by Sweet, Is an injustice no longer an injustice so long as you get away with it for a long time?(Sweet 58); which shows that Sweet is a lawyer who favors outcome over process. Im sure that Fish, being pro outcome, would be in support of Sweet and use the idea of his neutral principle to give him leverage on this issue

Which brings me to the thoughts of Stanley fish and his views on neutral principal. In his article he goes on talking about the myth of the neutral principle, and its impossibility for anyone to be absolutely neutral. For you to be neutral you need to be able to lay the groundwork of what the words equal signify. How can anyone make the decision of seeing if it would be fair to distribute goods equally irrespective of the accomplishments of those who receive them, or would it be fair to reward each according to his efforts(Fish )? This paradox clearly shows that you may achieve being fair by choosing either outcome, but by going to one side of the issue, you are being unfair to the other side, thus further implicating the myth of the neutral principle. It is because of the groundwork needed that one may use the idea of neutral principle in order to gain leverage or support for their cause, using this idea to support higher and deeper than the support provided by its own substantive thrust(40). These Lawyers arsenal for reparations will consist of the idea of fairness towards the Black community. Many politicians and judges use this concept to clarify that they made the right moral decision. Not one person can be truly impartial, the lives we lead have constructed certain bias in which we are comprised of and to attempt to become impartial is to deny our past and ourselves. Though judges try hard to work with the system and be impartial, it unrealistic for judges to use their morality in order to decide on an outcome in a court trial. Contrary to Borks views, Fish is all for putting the ends before the means.

Despite the fact that this would completely contradict Borks view of Process over outcome and the judicial systems strict adherence of the law. Throughout every court preceding, judges play a crucial roles; Bork believe that there are two types of judges. One who adheres to the theories of constitutional laws sought out by original understanding and the ones who dont, referred to as the revisionist theorist. His main quarrel with judges is their ability to, at any given court trial, make decisions on the outcome based on their own moral philosophy instead of referring to our Constitution. When the constitution was written it took into consideration moral philosophy and should be a guideline that all judges follow. One of the many flaws that Bork points out is that a moral philosophy necessarily rests upon a belief that not only is there a single correct moral theory, but in todays circumstances, all people of good will and moderate intelligence must accept the theory(Bork 6). Professional philosophers throughout time have deliberated over issues pertaining to law and morality, with the great minds of our planets history each giving their two cents and still not coming to even remotely close to agreeing; what makes a single judge possess the audacity to express his moral opinion as the one great mind to rule over all others. Even if there is a Judge as conceded enough to think that his word and moral belief will always be the correct one and is correct in assuming that; the impossibility of the public in themselves to agree on that judges decision is great. In every occasion in the short live years of our nations history the basic model is to place all disagreements to a vote. Democracy is how our country is labeled in all aspects except for that of a judges moral interjection. Bork further elaborates by discussing that even by the unimaginable chance that both the judge is correct morally and everyone agrees on it, "there would be no need for constitutional judges since legislation would embody the principal of that morality(7); basically meaning that if there is such a theory, it would be put into the Constitution and would not need any further amending on behalf of judges. Either way you look at it, whether you have both the judge with his neutral principles and public behind his position, or have neither; it leads you to the same conclusion of not needing judges decisions based on moral philosophy and their idea of neutral principal.

Though Bork may not agree with Garys first legal strategy, there may be a slim chance he may with the second, mainly because it involves pushing the judgment on congress and not the judges. The nd part of their game plan is to get a law suit against many huge corporations that Blacks help build, and those that denied blacks civil liberties from slavery days to the present day; while at the same time sue local, state, and federal governments. The idea is to get a national audience, which in turn will get a public outcry that can affect the way a judge is going to rule. It can make him not want to rule, it can make him hold and then perhaps Congress will step and you can talk settlement(Gary 64). This way Borks view on philosophical morality being push into laws by judges, will not be affected. How ever this would contradict his view on laws being undermined by moral philosophy. He is convinced that law is being seduced by politics and is thereby losing its integrity as a discipline(Bork 15). If this case is presented and reparations for thousand of Blacks are awarded, the basic meaning of the law(in this aspect) will be wiped away, and every group from all time periods that have been discriminated against will be in demand for their slice of the pie. What was originally a plan to help African American would then become a legal nightmare.

To sum up, Reparation in the form of money seem to be a ridiculous idea, though the lawyers are also trying to push for governmental programs to be initiated; but even then this is an absurd idea mainly because then every one else in our country will be looking for their fair share. With the exception of Pires who actually suggest to work pro bono, all of the other lawyers in the article are bloodsuckers waiting to take a bite out of cash cow. The opinions expressed by the Harper article for the most part do not have credence in the court room, but leave much in term of outcome. It is through this outcome that new laws have will continue to be forged despite those who disagree with it. Fortunately, the Harper Articles did give me insight and more understanding of the various philosophical issue in reading Bork along side Fish, in that it forced me to put apply certain value and ideas to an actual court case, and I came out understanding more side of an issue than just one narrow one. Please note that this sample paper on Reparations for Slavery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Reparations for Slavery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Reparations for Slavery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Immorality in Television

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Vulgarity in Television In the early years of television people where much more sensitive to what was said and took offense to any form of obscene language. Even in the movies it was unacceptable. However, for many the standard for the use of vulgar language has expanded. In many shows on television vulgar words are used way to often. In many cases unnecessarily. These words do not bother me in the least. However, there are many parents with young children who are offended by this. This would not such a big deal if only the shows that carried these vulgarities would be shown later at night, as they where for many years. Also, most of the programs are not correctly rated to warn of there content.

Besides using the basics of the swear words some programs take it to a different level. Instead of using the words themselves they use a form of slang in order to get around the censors. Although these words are not the same as the ones commonly used, they do share the same meaning. By having these programs use these words they are encouraging the children to use a new language that there parents do not understand. And because the parents do not understand the words the children then think it is all right to use profanity.

Profanity in television is not so much a problem as it is an annoyance. It makes television more interesting to watch and can occasionally make a situation more humorous, but I do not enjoy it when a five-year-old calls their parents a-- holes to there face.

Rating System Recently introduced to all the television shows is the new rating system. This system was implemented to warn about the kind of shows on television. The system tells whether the show is to mature for young children. However, does the system still have flaws?

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Although it does give an idea as to what the show contains, it does not tell as to the extent to which it is. An example would be the television show Strangers with Candy. This program is extremely crude with little humor. Normally I enjoy crude humor, but this show is gross. It contains vulgarity, drug use, and sexually references. And to top it off the show is at 1000. Shows like this should not be viewed any time. My point of bringing this up is to show how lose the system is. I believe that it should be remolded to a different, more precise version of what it is.

The current rating system is as follows TV-Y--This program is appropriate for all children. TV-Y7-- Directed to children age seven and above. May include mild physical or comedic violence, or may frighten children under age seven.

Categories for programs directed at entire audience TV-G-- Suitable for all ages. Contains little or no violence, no strong language and little or no sexual dialogue or situations. TV-PG.-- Parental Guidance Suggested. May contain infrequent coarse language, limited violence and some suggestive sexual dialogue and situations. TV-14-- Parents Strongly Cautioned. May contain sophisticated themes, sexual content, strong language and more intense violence. TV-M-- Mature Audiences Only. Unsuitable for children. May contain mature themes, profane language, graphic violence and explicit sexual content.

Sexually Themes and Drug Use The limitations of sex in television as far been expanded since when the television first became popular. In the past twenty years shows have been made which prove my point. Lately on television their has been much leniency towards this subject. Shows such as N.Y.P.D. Blues and Beverly Hills 010 constantly try to see how far the can take a situation before they agitate the censors. Once again it does not bother me to see these things, but when thinking about it I really would not approve of my younger sister to see these things.

Another blight on television would be the use of drugs. Unlike vulgarity and sex I really do have a problem with drug use. There is really no use for it on television and I would prefer to never see it. Although I am totally against it really do think that their is a difference between seeing someone spark a joint and watching them stick their arms with a dirty needle. It is my opinion that if young children see this they will become curious and want to experiment. And if this happens they will someday be eating a steady diet of government cheese and be living in a van down by the river.

Subliminal Messages in Television Although this subject is often overlooked it is a great cause for concern when it is exposed to young children. Subliminal messages can warp a young child's mind into thinking that they should do something that is subconsciously being placed into their minds. These thoughts are usually harmless. Most advertisers try to promote there product by either having an actor rapidly saying the products name or by constantly showing pictures of the product. By doing this they are sending messages toy young minds that they need to have what is their. A good example of this would be Pokemon. Because of all the publicity kids feel the need to have what is being shown. The result to this is parents going out and buying over one-hundred-fifty-one toys of little monsters that their children will forget about in a year. This is exactly what the advertisers want so they can put out another toy that will have kids begging their parents for money.

Violence in Television Probably the most talked about subject when it comes to bad-mouthing of television. This has become a serious problem in television. Even in the days of early television violence has been around. However, since those days it has become much worse. Instead of kids jumping of cliffs thinking they are superman, or hitting each-other over the head with a frying pan, they are hitting each-other over the head with a steel chair and choking out their friends like a wrestler. Their is no real place to put the blame because violence is every where. However, it does not need to be placed on television where it can be broadcast to anyone who wants to watch it.

Unlike the other topics I mentioned I do not think that by only moving the more violent programs to later at night would work. This is manly because it would be to difficult as to determine what is violent and what is not. By this I mean that people have different views as to what they find violent. Some people may find an angry dog chewing a small toy violent enough, while someone else finds decapitation is nothing to loose sleep over. Either way I believe that violence does influence the young mind, and unfortunatly thier is very little our society can do about it because we have let the situation get to far out of control.Please note that this sample paper on Immorality in Television is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Immorality in Television, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Immorality in Television will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bullying - An insight to what goes on inside the playground.

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PART A

1) Bullying is a form of harassment, which makes a person feel unwelcome and/or uncomfortable. Some forms of harassment include physical harassment, verbal harassment, social harassment and sexual harassment. All these forms of bullying make a person feel powerless, afraid and isolated. The victim might also find it hard to concentrate in school. Every type of harassment, bullying or discrimination is illegal and the offender can be punished if caught.

) The offender/s can leave an imprint on a victim that stays with them their whole life. Some cases can be so bad that it results in suicide, this leads to the family members of the victim to sue the offender/s. That could make the offender find it hard to relate to their family and/or friends, because in reality, the offender has just murdered someone. Once a person has bullied someone else, the victim has been left feeling helpless, frightened, and secluded. But this only happens in the long-term. Short-term affects may be a person feeling uncomfortable and/or not wanting to socialise with family and/or friends.

) There are many ways of controlling what happens to you, one way is the 'ARE YOU BEING BULLIED OR DISCRIMINATED AGAINST?' plan which can be found in the 00 Marist College Ashgrove Diary. It is as follows

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ARE YOU BEING BULLIED OR DISCRIMINATED AGAINST?

You CAN control what happens. Don't retaliate either physically or verbally.

(A) Show it doesn't upset you ignore it.

If the harassment stops no further action is needed.

(B) Speak to the person harassing you. Tell them the behaviour is illegal and unwanted.

If the harassment stops no further action is needed.

(C) Tell someone this is reporting abuse, not 'dobbing'. Talk it over with

• Your tutor teacher

• The school counselor

• Designated senior student

• Any member of staff with whom you feel comfortable

• Your head of house.

If the bullying stops no further action is needed. If it continues the matter will need to be addressed further with the Deputy Headmaster.

PART B

The purpose of the Bullying Survey is to show students how bad bullying can be in the playground. It is also made so students that usually bully other people by verbal social or physical harassment would maybe start to feel as if people know what they are doing or feel guilty and stop straight away so they don't get into trouble. Another reason they conducted this survey was to outline to the teachers and the counselor how bad the bullying is at Marist College Ashgrove. I think they targeted Ephrem, Foley, Harold, Ignatius, Rush and Slattery because I think the teachers where studying them and they came to the conclusion that those six houses are the ones that needed the most help, at the time of when it was conducted.

Here are some graphs that came from the bullying survey; I chose these because I thought our class could relate to them the best.

1) Name calling, is a big issue at Marist College Ashgrove. This is because boys think that verbally harass someone is okay, because it doesn't leave a physical imprint on the person, but it can seriously hurt people's feelings. In our class, I think name calling is the major thing that is going on around inside. Students become very annoyed and angry at certain people because they constantly do this in class time. The people that call other people names waste the teachers teaching and other students learning time, which is illegal.

) Another thing that struck me was Exclusion in the classroom. This is because a few people in our class get excluded from certain activities occasionally, whether it is choosing your own working groups or playing groups. This makes a person feel extremely weak and small, and is another form of harassment.

) One more thing that I think happens is that boys threaten other students with violence, even if they are only joking; it is against school policy and should not happen. And if it is seriously for real, the person that is being threatened should see a member of staff to ask for the appropriate actions.

PART C

1) Yes, I think it does effectively respond to the social issue of "Bullying and Harassment" because it gets straight down to the point, and is more thorough than the current safe school policy, because it goes into how you can control what happens to you, and it has a small check list, so you can decide if you are a bully or not.

) Yes, it is a very practical document for both parents and students because it tells students how to control what is happening to them in the playground, and it has a series of points to read for parents so they can find out if their child is being harassed or not. It also reminds the students that are being harassed that they too have rights, and the person doing the bullying isn't allowed to.

) The one strategy that I think could be most affective is reporting abuse to your head of house, deputy headmaster or the headmaster, because these three people have the most power and have access to different types of punishment. The penalty for harassing someone should be suspension and these people have the power to do that. If the teachers should catch a person bullying someone else, the teacher will report him to their Head of House, and should be given a full-day suspension from the college and a Friday afternoon detention.

4) A few ways of which that would help both the victim and the bully deal with the stressful effects of bullying are the two families meeting each other and talking about either by themselves or with a counselor, either a face-to-face warning with the victim and the bully or a formal warning (a letter to the parents of the bully). They can both over come these stressful and harmful effects of bullying by not seeing each other again, even if that means moving schools. Or they can overcome them by seeing a counselor either separately or together. This should put everything back to normal. If the effects of bullying are still disturbing either the victim or the bully, they could try and talk together, alone, and maybe find out that they have more in common that was first thought, and after that they could become more friendly and not bother each other any longer.Please note that this sample paper on Bullying - An insight to what goes on inside the playground. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bullying - An insight to what goes on inside the playground., we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Bullying - An insight to what goes on inside the playground. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Best Diet

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Free 7-day diet plan Fancy starting a diet? Try the following 7-day plan. Its low in fat, high in complex carbohydrates and contains a wealth of nutrition. Combine it with some regular exercise. For details, see Exercise Benefits exercise-benefits.htm DIET - DAY 1 Breakfast 150 ml orange juice oz (50g) sugar-free muesli with fat-free milk 1 banana Light Meal oz (50g) lean meat Mixed vegetable salad with fat-free dressing 1 sliced tomato 1 wholemeal roll Main Meal Chili Shrimp with Pasta (see recipe) Large green salad Snacks 15ml pot fat-free yogurt pieces fresh fruit Day 1 Total = 11 calories DIET - DAY Breakfast slices very lean bacon grilled tomatoes grilled 1 slice wholemeal toast Light Meal Chicken salad (see recipe) 1 wholemeal roll Main Meal 6 oz (10g) pan-fried white fish (see recipe) 8 oz (0g) baked potato 8 oz (0g) mixed steamed vegetables Snacks 15ml pot fat-free yogurt/sorbet pieces fruit Day Total = 111 calories DIET - DAY Breakfast Shredded Wheat 1 tbsp raisins 1 chopped banana 15ml fat-free milk Light Meal 1 serving any low-fat soup egg omelet Mixed green salad with fat-free dressing Main Meal 1 serving Chicken risotto (see recipe) 8 oz (0g) mixed steamed vegetables Snacks 1 scoop sorbet with tbsp fresh or frozen berries pieces fruit Day Total = 100 calories DIET - DAY 4 Breakfast 150ml orange juice thick slices wholemeal toast tsp fruit spread Light Meal 4 oz (100g) grilled salmon 1 tbsp fat-free cocktail sauce large mixed vegetable salad Main Meal 1 portion beef and vegetable curry (see recipe) 1 mug cooked brown rice 1 tbsp fat-free plain yogurt 1 tbsp diced cucumber Snacks 15ml pot fat-free yogurt pieces fruit Day 4 Total = 15 calories DIET - DAY 5 Breakfast slices very lean bacon grilled tomatoes grilled 1 slice wholemeal toast Light Meal oz (50g) water-packed tuna 1 wholemeal pitta or roll tbsp sweetcorn 1 large sliced tomato Main Meal 6 oz (150g) roast turkey 8 oz (00g) potatoes mashed with fat-free milk tbsp peas tbsp sweetcorn tbsp fat-free gravy Snacks 1 scoop lemon sorbet with tbsp fresh or frozen raspberries pieces fruit Day 5 Total = 11 calories DIET - DAY 6 Breakfast Shredded Wheat 1 tbsp raisins 1 chopped banana 15ml fat-free milk Light Meal 1 serving any low-fat soup slices wholemeal bread spread with 1 tbsp peanut butter top with 1 medium-sized sliced banana Main Meal 6 oz (150g) broiled, skinless chicken breast 8 oz (00g) roast potatoes (coat with PAM and roast) 8 oz (00g) mixed steamed vegetables Snacks 15ml pot fat-free yogurt pieces fruit Day 6 Total = 176 calories DIET - DAY 7 Breakfast 150ml orange juice thick slices wholemeal toast tsp fruit spread Light Meal 6 oz (150g) baked potato 1 oz (5g) grated low-fat cheese Mixed green salad with non-fat dressing Main Meal Pork and vegetable kebab (see recipe) 1 cup cooked rice 8 oz (00g) mixed steamed vegetables Snacks 1 scoop fat-free ice-cream with tbsp fresh or frozen strawberries pieces fresh fruit Day 7 Total = 118 calories Weekly Total = 861 calories Average daily calorie intake = 1 calories RECIPES CHILI SHRIMP WITH PASTA Cook oz (50g)(uncooked weight) pasta shapes and drain. Heat a non-stick pan and add 1 tsp olive oil, 4 oz (100g) peeled shrimp, 1 tbsp chili sauce, tbsp chopped mushrooms. Cook quickly for two minutes. Add 1 tsp fish sauce and cook for 1 minute. Serve with the cooked pasta. CHICKEN SALAD Cut oz (75g) cooked chicken breast, 1 small red, ribs celery into chunks. Mix with 1 tbsp sultanas, 1 tsp sesame seeds and toss in 1 tbsp lime juice. PAN-FRIED FISH Heat a non-stick pan and add 1 tsp olive oil, 1 minced clove garlic, tbsp lemon juice, 1 tbsp soy sauce and heat. Add a 6 oz cod or halibut steak and cook on both sides for about 4 minutes each side. CHICKEN RISOTTO Heat 1 tsp vegetable oil in non-stick pan. Reduce heat and add 1 small chopped onion and 1 clove minced garlic and cook for minutes. Add 4 oz (100g) diced chicken breast and cook for a few minutes. Add 15ml chicken stock and 75g risotto rice. Bring to the boil, stir, reduce heat and simmer for about 0 minutes. BEEF AND VEGETABLE CURRY Cook 1 medium-sized onion in a non-stick pan with 1 tbsp water. Add 4 oz (100g) very lean beef, sprinkle with tsp curry powder and continue cooking for -4 minutes. Add 7 oz (175g) can chopped tomatoes with their juice, 100ml beef stock and simmer for about 50 minutes. PORK AND VEGETABLE KEBAB Cut 4 oz (100g) lean pork into cubes and alternate on a skewer with baby white onions, button mushrooms, chunks pineapple, chunks red bell pepper. Spray with fat-spray and broil under medium heat for about 15 minutes, turning several times. Best Diet that Money can Buy The above diet is for seven days. If you want a better diet approach that will help you lose weight in a sustainable way over one month then check out Aceplan Diet http//www.aceplandiet.com/ today. Weight Loss Diet i Home index.htm

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The Godfather

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THE GODFATHER

This essay will discuss the extent to which Francis Coppola's film, The Godfather, is a logical conclusion of the changes in Hollywood during the 160's and 170's. I will focus on these changes, with regards to The Godfather, and also look at how Coppola has 'drawn' from the classical Hollywood period. Finally, issues around the social and historical context of American society in this era, will be discussed.

From 160 to 164, the Hollywood "Dream Factory" of the fifties was in turmoil. Thanks to television, which brought simultaneous access of programming to everyone, cinema attendance was at an all-time low. However, many studios responded to this by getting involved in television productions and were slowly producing the majority of television programming. At the same time, the Anti-trust Legislation broke the monopoly of cinema ownership, forcing studios to sell their cinemas.

Yet there was light at the end of the tunnel for moviemakers. "In the 160's the children of the postwar baby boom began to come of age" (Sklar; 14; pg 00) This new generation of filmmakers had grown up in the television era and therefore had a good knowledge of visual media. They looked back at the Hollywood studio system to revive the genres on which they were brought up. As studios lost touch with their audience, these new filmmakers began challenging traditional Hollywood conventions, producing films that were innovative (due to European film influences), capturing the imagination of a new youth audience.

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The Godfather greatly appealed to the youth audience because of its violence and nudity. Censorship limited television from showing violence and sex, and therefore The Godfather, which contains both 'evils', attracted an audience looking for new experiences. One of the features of Hollywood Renaissance films is that they "explore contempory issues such as violence" (Bickford-Smith; 00) In The Godfather, Coppola deals with gangster violence and domestic violence. People are shot, blown up and strangled. Connie Corleone is beaten-up by her husband. Coppola seems to be criticising the growth of violence in America during the 160's and 170's. The Whitman killings (166) and Manson murders (16) were front-page headlines during this time. Perhaps Coppola was feeding the idea that the world was a violent place by overtly demonstrating it in this film.

The Godfather revised the gangster genre by transforming it into a family melodrama or critical commentary on an immigrant family's pursuit of justice. Coppola plays with the genre conventions of the crime film, by placing the spectator in a problematic relationship with the "heroes". This strategy disturbs the classical Hollywood ideology that the audience identifies with the "good guys". In The Godfather, our sympathy lies with the small family of criminals through the framing and editing patterns. We often identify with characters from the Corleone family through point of view shots. The victims of the criminals are demonised, almost deserving of their fate, and therefore the mob are 'justified' and become a force for good. For example, we identify with Michael Corleone in the sequence where he assassinates the corrupt policeman, Mc Cluskey and rival gangster, Solozzo, through shot/reverse shots that are mostly from Michael's point of view.

Another feature of the Hollywood Renaissance, is the increased influence European cinema with regards to editing, the director as Auteur and special effects. Coppola makes use of a montage sequence in the scenes where Michael stands as Godfather to Connie's son. The parallel editing is reminiscent of French New Wave cinema. (E.g. Breathless) Auteur directors meant that the distinction of director and scriptwriter was overcome. Coppola not only directed The Godfather, he also co-wrote the screenplay. Hollywood mavericks like Coppola were experimenting with special effects. For example, Marlon Brando's make-up which transformed him into a much older looking Italian. Special effects extended the idea of 'realism' that was important to Hollywood Renaissance.

Greater 'realism' was achieved through a different acting style in The Godfather. Marlon Brando believed in 'becoming the character' and his portrayal of Vito Corleone is very convincing and 'real' when compared to classical Hollywood's stylised acting (E.g. Gone With The Wind) Also, according to Harlan Lebo, Coppola insisted on authentic props from the 140's era. These enhance the 'realism' because everything in the shot is authentic.

The 160's and 170's were the age of blockbusters. Blockbuster films were seen to be Hollywood's solution to the problem of audiences' over-familiarity with Classical models and conventions. They targeted an adolescent audience who where in search of new entertainment. Many blockbuster films, in particular The Godfather, were based on "stories and concepts from the 10's to the 150's" (Bickford-Smith; 00) The Godfather starts in 145 and not only deals with gang violence, but also the oppression of women. In context of when the film was released, the treatment of female characters by the male characters would have caused some controversy.

Feminism was on the rise during the Hollywood Renaissance era. The National Organisation for Women began in 166. The idea of women as passive objects of exchange was drastically being challenged. I think Coppola's portrayal of the oppressed Italian women in The Godfather, comments on the absurdity and cruelty of this abuse. In a way, Coppola challenges the idea of a patriarchal society, like the one present in the mafia community. Connie Corleone is physically and verbally abused by her husband, but there seems to be little she can do about the situation besides relying on her brothers for help. This is an example of how only males were able to restore a woman's honour.

Still focusing on the context in which this film was made and released, another important aspect was the "rise of counter culture" (Bickford-Smith; 00). The youth were trying to live a lifestyle that was different to that of their parents. Michael Corleone is an example of someone who does not want to be part of his family's 'business'. Instead of following in his father and brother's footsteps, he chooses to go study and then later becomes a war hero. The audience would have recognised and identified with this characteristic.

The Godfather does however have certain continuities with the classical period. For instance, the 'star' cast in The Godfather was a typical classical Hollywood convention. Having a famous actor like Marlon Brando was guaranteed to poke the interest of fans. Even if people knew nothing about the film beforehand, the fact that Marlon Brando was starring in it would get them to buy a ticket.

Continuity editing was also a classical Hollywood convention. Editing was not supposed to draw any attention to itself. In most cases, Cappola ensures continuity in The Godfather through eyeline cuts and match cuts. For example, in the scene where one of the gangsters stick a knife in a rival gangster's hand, the eyeline match allows us to see the direction of offender's gaze we move from watching the character look at what's happening to his hand, to watching what he sees stuck in his hand.

In conclusion, The Godfather aroused some controversy for romanticising gangsters and transforming them into social rebels. It was a Hollywood Renaissance film which offered a subversive perspective on American society. Coppola manages to disrupt the classical form, but still uses certain classical conventions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bickford-Smith, V. 00. Lecture notes on Hollywood Renaissance. April 00

Cavolina, E and Cavolina Meara, J. 11. How to really watch The Godfather. New York; St Martin's Press; chapters 1, , and 6

Lebo, H. 17. The Godfather Legacy. New York; Simon and Schuster (ed); chapters 1, , , 4 and 6

Sklar, R. 14. Movie Made America. New York; pages

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