Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

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Why Hong Kong?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to show and explain the comparative country risk analysis between the nations of Hong Kong and Chile. The findings of this research are to compare and evaluate the economic and political factors that affect the business environment of these two counties. The main purpose of this document is to illustrate why Hong Kong is better place to invest, compared to another country.

Hong Kong

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Hong Kong Country Profile

Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on July 1, 17. Five years later, it remains the worlds freest economy, tenth-largest trading entity, and ninth-largest banking center. Hong Kongs standard of living exceeds that of Great Britain ($4,506 vs. $,41). The economy has been built on Hong Kongs status as a major trading port and financial center for East Asia. In particular, Hong Kong is renowned for its rule of law, lack of trade barriers, and low taxes. Despite a robust 10.5 percent GDP growth rate in 000, a drop in U.S. economic growth affected Hong Kong seriously and a concomitant fall-off in U.S. imports, with GDP growth collapsing to 0.1 percent in 001. The SAR was hit hard by the regional downturn of 17-8 and the US-led slowdown of 001-0. GDP growth will pick up again when external demand recovers, but the last five years have exposed economic shortcomings. The first is an over-reliance on the property sector for official revenue. This issue has attracted attention since the property price bubble burst in 17, leaving the government with a structural fiscal deficit. The second is rapid infrastructure development in China, which some fear risks sidelining the SAR. In response, officials are seeking to strengthen Hong Kong?s role as an entrep�t, focusing on financial services, logistics, tourism, and producer and professional services.

Hong Kong Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

March B B A B A

February B B B B A

Short-term risk event

Failure to bring about an improvement in the fiscal position?the deficit rose to the equivalent of 5.5% of GDP in 00/0?could prompt renewed speculation over the future of the fixed link between the Hong Kong and US dollars.

Political risk

The passing of laws that prohibit acts of ?treason, secession, sedition and subversion? against the Chinese state, even if less draconian than initially feared, will impinge upon the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The creeping erosion of Hong Kong?s autonomy could damage investor confidence.

Foreign trade

Hong Kong levies virtually no import tariffs or duties and is considered a duty-free port. It also does not maintain anti-dumping or countervailing duties legislation or import quotas. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, some excise duties are charged on four groups of commodities [including] hydrocarbon oil, liquors, methyl alcohol and tobacco. Overall, there are very few barriers to imports in Hong Kong, which has one of the worlds most accessible markets. It is an important market for U.S. exports and consumes U.S. manufactured and agricultural goods at a higher rate per capita than most of the worlds other economies.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

8.4 8.47 5 11 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 16 countries Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

Economic outlook

Strong growth in re-exports will drive GDP growth of .7% in 00 and 4% in 004. However, consumer price deflation will persist in 00-04, as consumer and business confidence remains fragile. The current-account surplus will remain large in 00 (equivalent to 8.7% of GDP) because import growth is held back by weak domestic demand, but it is expected to narrow in 004 as stronger domestic demand boosts imports.

Debt outlook

Hong Kong?s total external debt is forecast to grow from around US$4.5bn (0.% of GDP) in 00 to US$60.bn (4.% of GDP) in 004, as private companies borrow in order to finance expanded operations in mainland China. The debt-service ratio will be low in 00-04, averaging just over .5%.

Economic forecast summary (Table 1)

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) . .7 4.0

Consumer prices (% change; av) -.0 -1.5 -0.8

Exchange rate HK$US$ (av) 7.80 7.80 7.80

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 01,71 7,787 46,606

Goods imports fob -07,100 -,10 -54,47

Trade balance -5,8 -4,4 -7,741

Current-account balance 1,66 14,064 1,14

Current-account balance (% of GDP) 8.6 8.7 7.4

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance ,74 ,44 7,886

Total debt 4,447 56,404 60,44

Total debt service 7,457 8,08 ,05

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) .6 .5 .6

Chile

Chile Country Profile

Chile has been a model of economic reform for Latin America since the beginning of the 180sa record of success that is due in large measure to a trade policy of unilateral liberalization coupled with an almost uniform tariff rate. Yet President Ricardo Lagos, who took office in March 000, has promoted a reversal of labor deregulation and spending restraint. Recently, Chile?s government approved long-promised labor legislation in September 001, adding significantly to the burden of doing business in Chile. Also, the tax on reinvested corporate profits rose from 15 percent to 16 percent, and will increase to 17 percent in 004. The tax increase will finance a cut in personal taxes to stimulate consumption. These two measures raise the cost of investment in Chile and will undermine prospects for lower unemployment, currently at percent; they also cast doubt on whether Chile will remain a model of reform for the rest of Latin America. The Lagos administration has committed to imposing a structural budget surplus rule of 1 percent of GDP but is struggling to keep its commitment. Chile recently signed a free trade agreement with the European Union, which now awaits ratification in Congress, and is engaged in trade negotiations with the United States. In addition, the low economic growth of the past five years, averaging .5 percent per year, prompted a meeting between representatives of the public and private sectors to elaborate a pro-growth agenda, which has yet to be introduced in Congress. Chiles fiscal burden of government score is 0.5 point better this year; however, both its government intervention and regulation scores are 1 point worse. As a result, Chiles overall score is 0.15 point worse this year, causing Chile to be classified as a mostly free economy.

Chile Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

September B 1 A A C A

June B A A C A

Short-term risk event

A deterioration in crisis-hit Mercosur would have a negative impact on Chiles already volatile currency.

Political Risk

Although the ruling Concertacion and the opposition Alianza por Chile (the Alianza) coalitions have reverted to traditional consensus politics, the president, Ricardo Lagos, will use political polarisation in an attempt to stem the rise of Joaquin Lavin, the likely presidential candidate for the Alianza in 005. Nevertheless, the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) constituent of Concertacion will maintain a moderating influence on government political strategy. Despite a wider than previously forecast fiscal deficit for 00, fiscal policy remains cautious.

Foreign trade

On January 1, 00, according to the U.S. Trade Representative, the government reduced the flat tariff rate of 8 percent on most products to 7 percent. Chile has by far the best tariff regime in its region; however, its tariffs are still high by global standards. On some agricultural goods, such as wheat, vegetable oils, and sugar, Chile applies duties on top of the existing tariff rate, and this can increase the effective tariff rate dramatically. The U.S. Trade Representative reports that due to low international wheat prices in 1 and 000, this system led to applied import duties as high as 0 percent, well above Chiles WTO bound rate. In May 001, the price band was temporarily lowered until March 00. Since agriculture is one of the most important export sectors, barriers on agricultural products distort trade significantly. If the price band increases after March 00, Chiles trade policy score could worsen in future editions of the Index.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

7.1 7.4 0 0 1 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 8 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela

Economic outlook

GDP growth will weaken to .4% in 00, but should recover in 00 as confidence in both the domestic and global economies improves. Inflation is expected to remain within the -4% range set by the Central Bank. The current-account deficit will be manageable in the forecast period.

Debt outlook

The expansion of the debt stock is slowing and Chiles debt profile remains healthy. The debt-service ratio will decline in the forecast period on the back of higher export earnings and lower debt repayments.

Economic forecast summary (Table )

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) .8 .4 4.

Consumer prices (% change; av) .6 .1 .

Exchange rate Ps US$ (av) 66. 685.47 60.54

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 17,440 18, 0,87

Goods imports fob -15,877 -16,0 -18,601

Trade balance 1,56 ,11 ,6

Current-account balance -0 -0 -565

Current-account balance (% of GDP) -1.4 -1.4 -0.8

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance -5,7 -4,84 -4,10

Total debt 7,5 ,17 41,47

Total debt service 6,486 4,40 4,716

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) 7.8 1.1 18.1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The GDP is measures the value of a nations output of goods and services for some period of time, usually a year. GDP can increase for two distinct reasons. It can increase because more goods and services are being produced, or it can increase because prices of goods and services have risen. The economic forecast summary tables (tables 1 and ), revel in recent data that Hong Kong?s is much stronger in its GDP than is Chile. Chile?s GDP is clearly poor compared to Hong Kong?s. Hong Kong?s GDP is definitively very high, compared to Chile?s and to other nation?s and this fact is really proven through both, recent and historical economic data.

Conclusion

According to the findings of this research, both nations have advantages and disadvantages over their economic, political and business environment factors. Hence, it is very hard to say that these two nations (Hong Kong and Chile) are similar in their country risk structure. What is a fact is that Chile and Hong Kong are very different in most ideologies of economic expansion and development. Political and economic risks of both countries are definitively the driven forces that control and expand the business environment of each, but at the same time these forces are the power that removes barriers of foreign trade and investment of both nations. Chile?s foreign trade status is low, limited and pessimistic. During many years, Chile has been struggling a lot in improving and expanding its foreign trade rank, even nowadays. During the time, Chile?s trade barriers have been fixed and improved, but they still high by global standards. In other hand, Hong Kong?s foreign trade and investment barriers are highly much lower than Chile?s in terms of import tariffs, quotas, duties etc. In short, Hong Kong is better place to invest, relatively to Chile, because of its low level of protectionism.

References

Library References (UHD) Historical Economic Growth

Online Journals. Web sites

http//www.heritage.org/research/features/index/

http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,16,00.html

http//www.econ.pncbank.com/cra.htm

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GOTHIC

The Gothic period, which came after the Byzantine and Romanesque age, was pushed by the growth and spread of Christianity in and around Europe. Furniture was a big part of peoples lives and they saw it as a way to express themselves. Gothic furniture was crude and heavy at first but later became decorative and lighter. The European crusaders helped introduce this change, and helped Europe to advance in their furniture styles. The general lines of the gothic style were heavy and based on church motives. Tall arches and very little furniture was the gothic style. The strictness of the churches demanded that furniture be proper and decorative rather than comfortable and cozy. Furniture from this age was often extremely heavy and most chests were often immovable. However the chest or hutch was probably one of the most popular pieces of furniture of the gothic age. These chests and hutches were used as benches or seats in the daytime but at night they were used as beds or couches. Hutches and trunks were also often used as storage bins for family articles so that when the family moved they could bring the chest with them. Pin hinges were often used to secure the roughly constructed tops. A very thick and wide piece of solid oak was used for the front and sides of the hutch. When chests and dressers became more common. It was at this time that the trestle table came into being, some even having drawers. Decorated armchairs were still only used in churches as seats for royalty or as choir stalls. X and triangle shaped chairs were also used in most churches. Throughout the gothic period, decorative furniture became more popular and it was beginning to be more comfortable. Probably the most notable floral pattern developed was the royal fleur-de-lis.

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Creating Together

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Creating Together

In our daily lives, on our traveling path, we are always confronting obstacles and decisions that would affect the direction in which we are going. However, the ultimate end of a journey doesn't only depend on us, it is also influenced by people we encounter. Two novels, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Animal Dreams, by Barbara Kingsolver, had successfully drawn the main character's journey of life. Gatsby and Codi's lifestyles are totally different throughout both novels, but their journeys are similar in a way that they both affected by other characters they encounter on the way.

Gatsby became very wealthy, but he began life as just an ordinary, lower-class, citizen. Even before Gatsby is introduced, it is hinted that he is out of the ordinary. The first evidence of this is when Nick says, "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (GG 6). Nothing was known about Gatsby at the time and Nick is already saying Gatsby was okay. There's an air of mystery surrounding Gatsby. Everyone knows of him but no one knows who he really is or where he comes from.

When Gatsby was still James Gatz, be had a dream of leaving his life on the farm behind and becoming a part of the upper-class. Even Gatsby's father knew when he said, "If he'd lived, he'd of been a great man" (GG 176). According to Berman "That phrase "great man" is important and will be widely intertextual from 106 to 1. Greatness is not simply personal; it has public shape and consciousness" (11~1).

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Gatsby's first real break in the outside world was when he met a wealthy yachtsman, Don Cody. Gatsby was seventeen at the time and had just left his life on the farm. "When Gatsby is seventeen years old, Don Cody comes sailing into his world"

(Lehan 4). It is Cody who showes Gatsby the ways of the world and develops Gatsby's appreciation for wealth. "[…] becomes Gatsby's image of the wealthy and successful man." (Bloom 8). "To young Gatz, resting on his oars and looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (GG 106). Fitzgerald uses this quote to mark the point at which Gatsby encounters wealth and power for the first time, and also, he uses it to symbolize Gatsby's social standing and economic status. By comparing Gatsby's rowboat with Codi's luxurious yacht, Fitzgerald presents the idea that money and power translate into bigger and better things. The event is symbolic in that it illustrates Gatsby's perception that wealth is a necessity. By saying that he was "looking up" to "all the beauty and glamour in the world," Fitzgerald makes it evident that Gatsby idolized this lifestyle. Lehan concludes that "Once Gatsby begins to go about Don Cody's business in the realm that has replaced the frontier, he indeed goes in pursuit of meretricious beauty" (51).

After Gatsby was introduced to Daisy, she was the only thing that mattered to him. To Gatsby, Daisy's character is metaphor for his hope and dreams. However, she married Tom Buchanan, "[…] who is so wealthy that he could give her a $50,000 pearl necklace for a wedding present" (Lehan 106). The most significant difference between Tom and Gatsby was their economic and social standing in society. Tom was wealthy and powerful, and Gatsby was from a middle class Midwestern family with little money or prestige to their name. Gatsby dreams of one day reuniting with Daisy and recapturing the love he lost, and he accomplishes this by acquiring the wealth and social status, which he lacked five years before. Gatsby invites Tom and Daisy to one of his parties and to display his new position among society's elite, Gatsby says, "You must see the faces of many people you've heard about" (111). Gatsby also refers to Tom as "the polo player", implying that Tom is insignificant compared to the many "celebrities" present at the party (111). Daisy, however, is impressed by Gatsby's exorbitant amount of wealth, but "once Daisy comes to understand the source of Gatsby's money her interest in him is gone forever" says Lehan (57). Daisy was both the main cause of Gatsby's great wealth, and also the only cause of foolishness in his life.

If Don Cody is the first of Gatsby's new fathers then Meyer Wolfsheim is Gatsby's second father figure, according to Lehan (56). Gatsby's life between the war and when he's introduced in the book is quite vague. It is known that he at some point went into business with Meyer Wolfsheim who was very much involved in New York bootlegging and had possible connections with the Mafia. Wolfsheim claims to have made Gatsby the man that he was.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson have almost nothing to do with Gatsby throughout the novel, but it is a coincidence that Gatsby had to end his life by this two characters. Towards the end, Gatsby wouldn't give up on Daisy. After the accident in which Daisy killed Mrs. Wilson, it was the end for her and Gatsby. And yet "He couldn't possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. He was clutching at some last hope […]" (GG 155). Daisy couldn't possibly face the fact that she might go to jail and she knew Gatsby would take her blame. Because of Tom's lie and Gatsby's willingness to accept the blame for Daisy, Gatsby had face death by a stranger, Wilson.

Gatsby's journey ends in a lonely and meaningless way. His death is cathartic because his dream is never satisfied. He could have never fulfilled a prosperous life living for a past love. When Daisy leaves with Tom, and Gatsby loses her, it is the death of his dreams. Gatsby's death is symbolic of the death of the dreams. If Mrs. George would not have come along to end his life, Gatsby would have killed himself. Everything he worked for and everything he did, he did for Daisy. Without her, his life was meaningless; however, he could have been a great man who would have "[…] helped build up the country" (GG 176). Because most of the people Gatsby encountered were bad influences, this is the only way his life could had ended. Don Cody and Meyer Wolfsheim affected Gatsby's idea of making money through illegal activities, and Daisy made Gatsby live in the past, he could never achieve the American Dream. If he never had met them, he might have had a better life and a better end of his journey.

Like Gatsby, Codi comes from an ordinary family, and had a normal childhood, except she lost her mother at age three. When her mother Alice passed away she took part of Homero with her. What she left was a misfit of time and circumstance; an emotionally distraught and distant man who attempted to resemble a father but veered more towards the tin man. Homero existed beyond his wife as only a page out of an instruction manual, the one with the caution statement. Homero's delicate heart decided that the only way to endure Alice's death was to flush any memory of her out of his fortified technical realm which throughout the novel becomes increasingly skewed. Kingsolver pushes home this idea by omitting Alice from any of Homero's frequent flashbacks which are usually mishaps from the past involving his daughters. These incidents are his only recollection of his daughters' estranged childhood in which he strained to create strong women out of confused, motherless children. Homer's fear of becoming attached to anything which reminded him of Alice resulted in an unorthodox childhood for Hallie and Codi. Homero was more of a baby sitter than a real father. Retaining only his technical aptitude after Alice died all he could do was providing his kids with orthopedic shoes and the correct medicine. When not fixing Codi or Hallie's present or future ailments, Homero took photographs of natural objects and slyly transformed them into man-made devices by doing what he seemed to be best at, distorting images.

Codi, similar to her father mentally, blocked out her past. Her childhood remained within her as only a series of stained and misplaced memories. Codi attempted to follow in her father's footprints, fixing every one of life's problems with an internal wrench. Homero is a metaphor for Codi's loss of memory and her attempt to find her past. By approaching life from behind this falsified image, Codi managed to distance herself from everything and everyone who could have hurt her. One aspect of life from which Codi was bred to be distanced is the past. As Codi grew older, she began wondering about her family's past. Homero basically told her they had no past. So with no past and no identity, Codi lived, searching for security and stability through a mother figure. Everywhere Codi went she managed to find a mother figure. Whether it be a man or a woman friend or even Hallie, Codi hid herself in other people's security. This search for stability is catalyzed by the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood. The lack of maternal instinct in Codi left her with no sense of direction, therefore; she searched aimlessly for years, for herself.

Codi is unable to become self-aware, because her dependency on her sister was so strong. A direct result of Codi's insecurities is the development of Hallie as a primary source of security. She is Codi's safe haven where she can escape when her problems become overwhelming or perplexing. Hallie is defined as her stability in this way. Hallie offers a blanket of protection from Codi's personal insecurities. Codi's dependence on Hallie as a haven from her feelings is evident in Codi's reaction to her old, high school friend Emelina. Emelina recalled Codi's childhood protests of killing chickens, but Codi said, "No, that was Hallie. She's the one that had such a soft heart. We've always been real different that way" (AD ). Codi's recollection of Hallie as the one who protested the death of the animals when in fact it was Codi, shows that Codi has no realization of her own cares and sensitivities because she projects them upon Hallie. Codi's inability to distinguish her individual feelings from Hallie's is because she continually projects them onto Hallie so she doesn't have to deal with them.

Hallie is a metaphor for a sense of direction and purpose. Hallie has knowledge of direction that seems to escape Codi. Hallie knows what she wants to do and what is necessary to attain it. Codi, however, drifts through life with no specific purpose. She maintains her existence anywhere that doesn't require any effort or emotional discomfort to her. Codi interprets Hallie's move to Nicaragua as an example of Hallie's keen sense of direction and her own lack of one. Codi doesn't see any future direction for herself. "[…] I had no mission beyond personal survival; it was nothing like Hallie's going to Nicaragua" (AD 107). Codi's lack of direction also stems from her dominant feelings of being an outsider. Codi has never felt accepted by any environment and she is constantly amazed by Hallie's instant ability to become comfortable. For example, she tells these feelings to Hallie in a letter expressing her admiration of Hallie at being able to be compatible with the environment surrounding her. "All I want is to be like you, to be brave, to walk into a country of chickens and land mines and call it home, and have it be home" (AD 00). However, she doesn't realize that it isn't her uneasiness with her environment but with herself that makes it difficult to be comfortable in any environment.

Codi's life since her fall from Grace is a long list of failures. But when she came back to her hometown, she finds herself busier that she expected. She meets Loyd Peregrina and they fall into an affair that threatens to turn serious. "Loyd is a fertile character, who has a profound understanding of how to carefully cultivate the fertile land" (Sparknotes). He drives her about neighboring reservations and takes her to some ancient Pueblo villages. She begins to see a difference between inhabiting the land and trying to conquer it. "To people who think of themselves as God's houseguest, American enterprise must seem arrogant beyond belief. Or stupid. A nation of amnesiacs, proceeding as if there were no other day but today" (AD 40).

Because Codi's education is a great help to their cause, Codi joins the Stitch and Bitch Club, and with Codi's help they set out to save the town from the mining company. As she becomes a part of the community effort to save the town, Codi begins to learn more about her own family's past, and gradually comes to understand that those women, twenty years before, were "[…] fifty mothers who'd been standing at the edges of my childhood, ready to make whatever contribution was needed at the time" (AD 8).

Hallie's departure in combination with Doc Homero's bout with Alzheimer's disease allows Codi an opportunity to confront her past and insecurities. After Hallie's death, Codi is able to retain Hallie's message of finding a direction and what purpose that direction should have. Hallie explains to Codi that "[…] the very least you can do in your life is to figure out what you hope for. And the most you can do is live inside that hope. Not admire it from a distance but live right in it, under its roof" (AD ). This message allows Codi to find her direction and live it. She does this by coming to the realization that her lack of direction is from her innate feeling of not being accepted. The main criterion for acceptance in Grace according to Codi was to have been born with blue eyes. The legend of the town is that if you were born with blue eyes you were a descendent of the Gracela Sisters, after whom the town is named. Codi discovers childhood pictures which show that she was born with blue eyes. After discovering that she is part of the town's blue-eyed tradition, she feels a symbolic acceptance. She can then further pursue her personal direction by adhering to Hallie's advice. This direction is realized by the desire to remain in Grace. She stays in Grace to help the Stitch and Bitch Club protest against the environmental catastrophe they face. She is also able to accept the responsibility of her own stable career as a biology teacher and raise a family herself with respect from the people around her.

Codi expands her concept of family. She is able to feel an emotional attachment to the people of Grace and in particular to her boyfriend, Loyd Peregrina, an Apache who fathered Codi's miscarried baby. Codi began to discover an awareness of relationships and acceptance that made her secure within herself. She is now capable of identifying the immense love around her that includes Loyd, Emelina, her family, her students, and her fifty mothers from the Stitch and Bitch Club. Codi realizes the amount of support she has as a result of Hallie's funeral. All of the people who love Codi are present to share her grief. This enables her to feel an assurance of support. This sentiment is captured in the phrase, "[…] Whenever I thought I might fall or just cease to exist, the pressure of their shoulders held me there" (AD 7). Hallie's death allows Codi to redefine her ideological needs for a family. Codi is then able to settle down and conceive a child with Loyd.

Alice's early death causes the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood, and Homero's inability to make peace with the past confront Codi to fit in somewhere and to find a meaning for her life. Also, as long as Hallie is alive she is a safe haven for Codi to escape to when the truth of her personality becomes too apparent. But on the other hand, Alice, Homero, and Hallie are the great influences on Codi to find her identity and meaning of life. Especially Hallie might have taught Codi how to deal with insecurities and find a reason to live. Rudman says that "Siblings who grow up together learn each other's characteristics […]" (11). Even though she had many failures in her past, Codi truly grows up because of the people around her. Smiley states that "[…] her journey is a gesture, made to relieve her general sense of uselessness." Codi is able to find a direction in her life and she begins to establish a foundation for her future. She is able to secure a family, friends, a career, and an established place within Grace. According to Ryan, it is typical of Kingsolver's styles is that everyone in her books turns out to be good. (81)

We believe that our future is formed by us, and it is true that we create our own dream. However, as it has been shown in The Great Gatsby, and Animal Dreams, our life doesn't only depend on our decisions, it is also influenced by the people we encounter. The ultimate end of our journey could be as bad as Gatsby's, if we surround ourselves with bad influences. We could also find our meaning of life as Codi did, if we meet good people. Through these two novels, I realized that I can affect people around just me as I am influenced by people I encounter. Please note that this sample paper on Creating Together is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Creating Together, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Creating Together will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mental and Physical Preparation for Sport

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Introduction

Success starts with one most powerful asset ones brain. Strengthening this tool is paramount for success. As the premise states, "the role of the mind in sports performance is crucial for success…" It is important to acknowledge that successful athletic performance is a function of not only what the athlete does, but also what the athlete thinks. In turn, the ultimate athletic performance can only be realized when both the mind, through psychological training, and the body, through physiological and skills training, attain their fullest potential. Beggs (10) asserts "when an athlete goes out on the field, for a contest, he does not leave his mind tucked away in a locker with his shoes, his watch and his hat…the best athletes use almost every faculty of their minds when they go into a contest" (p 56).

There has been much speculation on how to define motivation. One version explains it as 'an intervening process or an internal state of an organism that impels or drives it to action' (Reber 185, p454). Motivation is a broad subject and this report discusses the theory of achievement motivation.

Achievement motivation is a person's effort to succeed at a task, achieve excellence, persist in the face of failure, perform better than others and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill 186, Murray 18, citied in Gould and Weinberg 000). These motives that allow an athlete to achieve may be classed as intrinsic, extrinsic or amotivated. Intrinsic motivation arises in a person involved in an activity due to interest or personal satisfaction. A person is extrinsically motivated to achieve a reward or benefit in the outcome of said event, such as a trophy, money or fame, where these are perceived as desirable assets. Kowal and Fortier (000) stipulate that amotivation refers to lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity.

An athlete able to enter and maintain the desired 'intrinsic motivational' state outlined by Gill, Murray, Gould, Weinberg may give a distinct advantage during an athletes mental preparation, which is often an undervalued factor in success. Experience and practice typically lead to improvement, ergo the more experienced an athlete the more technical their mental preparation may be. Followers of the tai-chi martial art form are noted for their attention to mental preparation, and anecdotal evidence suggest that at elite levels of any competition or activity, preparation and will become the deciding factor.

A reasonable question is whether mental training is worth getting better at. Athletes spend a lot of time preparing for competition. Practices and fitness training are all about technical, tactical and physical preparation for competition. As a result, they become highly skilled in these areas. However, the ability to utilise this potential in competition depends largely on their mental skills, which unfortunately usually receive less attention and training.

The purpose of this study is to identify what role motivation plays in improving athlete performances, through psychology examination of three sportspeople and understanding how they improve their performance. The role of motivation and the problems associated with motivational levels affecting their performance will be outline and discussed. Observing the mental training and motivational methods used by these athletes will help to illustrate the factors that help athletes to succeed.Method

Participants

The subjects chosen for this study are three sportspeople who are Rugby League players. The individuals are from the same age group although each competes at a different level.

Subject 1 17-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of ten due to a lack of interest in his previous sport, which was soccer. He plays every Saturday just to keep fit and healthy.

Subject 0-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of 14 at school. He competes at the reserve grade level and plays for the Cronulla Sharks.

Subject 8-year-old first grade representative who plays for the Cronulla Sharks and has had an interest with the sport since the age of 7 when his parents placed him into a weekend activity sport with the local club.

Measure

In order to identify what effects the motivation levels, methodologies used and motivational problems encountered had in improving each individuals' performance, an interview and two surveys were jointly conducted. Survey 1 is a Mental Skills Profile and Survey is a Mental Training Checklist. The interview was designed to explore the athlete's background and views on Rugby League. The two surveys were used to identify the methodologies they chose and the motivation of the subjects to improve their performance.

Procedure

Firstly, permission was gained in order to conduct the interview with each interview after a brief discussion on the assignment. Secondly, the interview was conducted by direct contact with the three subjects at each individual's house on request. Finally, the two surveys were given to them to answer after interview. Results

Table 1, and summarise the results from the interview that gathered information relating to the athletes background, their view on rugby league. The main aim of conducting the interview was to investigate what do sportspeople do to improve their sports performance, how important do sportspeople view motivation with respect to performance and how do sportspeople deal with problems associated with motivation?

The results from Survey 1 outline the individual's attitude in any given situation regarding to the sport. It illustrates the athletes' mental state, whether it is positive or negative by allowing the athlete to nominate a set grade as outlined in the survey.

The results from Survey outline the athletes' mental state in any given situation. Subjects covered include; motivation, confidence, thought habits, focus and visualization.

Both the table and surveys illustrate and identify each athlete's motivation and the methodologies used by them to improve performance.

(Please refer to Appendix for full transcripts of interviews and surveys).Table 1 Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Define motivation Something that makes you want to do something. To be enthusiastic and driven to try and achieve your set goal. A positive mental attitude in a given situation or set of circumstances.

What is your prime motivation for participating in your chosen sport? I want to reach my short-term and long- term goals. I strive to be like my Rugby League hero, Peter Sterling. Recognition is really important to me. I want people to be able to see my skill and ability to play. I also set short-term goals. Winning and having the recognition of being one of the top players in Australia.I set short-term goals to achieve them.

How do you get motivated and remain motivated throughout the game? Verbally psyching myself up. My teammates and coach also encourage me Enthusiasm is vital. As an elite player, my mental state is my competitive advantage. Self-motivator's, which I have studied and practiced throughout my sporting life. Having the right frame of mind is critical.

What role do you feel motivation plays in relation to your performance? No real important role. I feel my performance and skill is what is important. It is very important, as we are basically all very competitive and elite. Motivation is what I focus on, as it will make me succeed. It plays the most important role in professional rugby, as we are all talented. The major difference is our motivation.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

List the best things about Rugby League GirlsFightsMeeting new friends Performing wellWinningSatisfaction RecognitionFinalsMoney

List the worst things about Rugby League InjuriesTime wastageMissing social events InjuriesLosingTraining LosingInjuriesHard workout and training

How do you deal with these problems? Sometimes my friends and team- mates give me support. I'm Motivation from the coach and team- mates. Having a good attitude at all times. I also initiate a one-on-one session with my sport psychologist sometimes. Being enthusiastic no matter what. Believing in myself at all times and by being positive. My wife and coach are really good to talk too.

Do you use mental preparation? If so, list and explain. No, not really. Off course, you have too. I tend to focus on affirmation and imagery. I find that thinking of the moves I have learnt helps me in my confidence. You better believe it. Self-talk is a major one. It makes me believe in myself as I'm continually telling myself 'I can do it'. I also like the team to participate.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Are you always mentally prepared for a game? No. Well I try to be, as its vital for motivation and performance. We do our best. It is the biggest challenge as there are always external factors to consider. Our pep-up meetings at training and before the game help me focus.

Has lack of mental preparation ever affected your performance? Yes off course. I'm starting to realize that it is quite important. It's really common sense. Unfortunately, yes it has. I try and focus on always being mentally prepared however sometimes it's a difficult task to maintain. Sadly, there have been a few situations where my performance was not to my potential due to lack of mental preparation.

What do you do to improve your performance? Well I practice during training and I eat well. I focus on my self-esteem level and I also train hard and try to be enthusiastic. I do many things. I train hard, I eat well, I use self-motivators, which boost my confidence level.

Discussion

The importance of mental training increases at more elite levels. When athletes are young and just learning the technical, tactical and physical skills of a game, their learning curve is steep. A true example of this is Subject 1, however the athlete is not motivated and has no enthusiasm to succeed. Even though, there's a lot of room for improvement and he improve quickly. At elite levels, most players are approaching their performance ceiling and the learning curve slows down. This is a true example of Subject and . Consequently, teams are often similar in terms of technical, tactical and physical skills at this level. Everybody is good. If you're looking for an advantage over an opponent, mental training can be huge. The main reason is that not many opponents work conscientiously on this part of their game. So, developing strong mental skills can provide a major advantage. Both Subject and recognise the importance of motivation with respect to performance, and state that it is one of the most vital factors for their success.

Subject 1 clearly illustrates amotivation, which was earlier referred too as a lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity. The reason for his failure in performance is due to many reasons, one being the lack of mental preparation before a game. Graham states that, "How we feel before we compete has a lot to do with how we compete. Your optimal pre-competitive state is the mindset that has always been associated with excellent performances in your past. Said another way, it is the mindset you perform most effectively with. When preparing for competition, self-regulation involves understanding what your optimal pre-competitive state feels like, then using relaxation and visualization skills to get there."

In order for Subject 1 to improve his sport performance, he must focus on mental preparation prior to the game and training sessions. The Coach also has an important role in motivating and analyzing Subject 1's attitude in order to assist with other critical aspects such as confidence and concentration not only motivation.

Subject uses the technique of imagery, as he believes that it is crucial in Rugby League to have the right mental approach, to be successful. Cumming et al (001) expresses that, "Imagery exerts a beneficial effect on the acquisition and performance of a motor skill…Imagery has cognitive and motivational functions". In simplest terms, imagery can be likened to daydreaming. It is simply the process whereby an individual sees and feels pictures or images in the mind. Graham (000) states, "It also is a tool that elite athletes have been using for years to maximize their competitive

performance. Jean-Claude Killy, one of only two individuals to win three gold medals in alpine skiing in the same Olympics, reported that he always mentally went through each gate on the ski course, as he stood in the starting gate. Similarly, the great professional golfer Jack Nicklaus, reported that he never hit a golf ball until he visually saw himself hitting the ball in his mind. In fact, there would be few athletes competing at elite levels anywhere who would not use imagery systematically in both practice and competition".

Subject is very goal driven. He continually sets short-term goals in order for them to be reached, which assists in motivation, confidence and enthusiasm. In turn, this will assist him in reaching his ultimate long-term goals. This is a very efficient and effective technique, as by setting the short-term goals, and by achieving them, this is motivating him to keep a positive outlook on achieving his long-term goals. As it is stated that, "Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of sport. At its simplest level, the process of setting goals and targets allows you to choose what you want to achieve in your sport" (Markland 1, p158). The athlete knowing what they want to achieve, are also aware of what they must concentrate on and improve, and what the distinctions are. Goal setting gives the athlete long-term vision and short-term motivation.

It would not be precise to state that motivation is the only factor, which affects sports performance. One has to consider other vital factors, as being a successful athlete involves a variety of different abilities and skills. A successful athlete will peak in his or her performance when they have captured the skill and capability of maintaining confidence, intensity, concentration and motivation. It is said that there is always room for improvement and that no one is perfect, this statement holds force throughout this report. Through further study and investigation, it would be suggested that one should focus on all the issues which affect an athletes performance, which will in turn give an in depth insight into athletic performance and success.References

Beggs, W.D.A (10). Goal setting in sport. In J.G. Jones and L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 56-170). Chichester, UK John Wiley and Sons.

Brunstein, J. (1). Personal goals and subjective well-being A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.

Cumming JL, Ste-Marie DM (001) The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training A matter of perspective. Sports Psychologist Vol5() Sep 00176-88.

Gould, D Weinberg, RS (000) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Pathology (nd ed). United States of America human Kinetics.

Graham, T (000) Developing a mental and emotional edge. [Online]. Available http//www.usask.ca/sportmedsci/mental/edgesoccer.HTM [18 May 00].

Kowal, J Fortier, MS (000) Testing relationships from hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence.

Markland D (1) Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 1(4) Dec 151-61.

Reber, AS (185) The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. England Penguin Books.

Scanlan, T.K. and Lewthwaite, R. (186). Social psychological aspects of competition in male youth sport participants. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 5-5.

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I was told to trace the metaphors of blindness in the novel Invisible Man by explaining the plot and thematic significance. There are many metaphors of blindness in this book starting from the Prologue to the Epilogue. I believe that Ralph Ellison was using these metaphors of blindness to show us how puzzled this young man was and how it affected him throughout his life.

In the Prologue, the narrator starts off by telling us that he is physically visible but he is invisible to his peers or society because he is black. He also tells us that his invisibility can be an advantage or disadvantage. Being invisible to society sometimes makes him think that he really is invisible. An advantage of being invisible is that he can use things and do things without people knowing the source. The narrator also shows us some invisibility by not telling us his name, I think this was very clever of the author to not revealing the name of the narrator; it kept the readers unsure of what it was. Many people have just given the narrator a name such as TIM (The Invisible Man) or I-Man just to give the narrator some type of identity. By being invisible, the narrator can also steal electricity from a power company, this allows him to have a presence but not be identified by the company.

In the Prologue, the narrator listens especially to Louis Armstrongs What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue. This song relates directly to Invisible Man on a thematic level, as it shows one of jazzs earliest ways to make an open view on the issue of racism.

In chapter 1, the narrator is also blinded when he has to fight in the battle royal just to read his speech to white lawyers. The boys in the ring are all blindfolded to where they can't see. They are instructed to fight each other and whoever wins will get extra money. The blindfolds also represent the boys own metaphorical blindness, they could not see that they were not just fighting for money; they were apart of entertainment to the white people. The narrator is blind in so many ways that he has not learned to see behind the mask or the real side of people.

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