How does Conan Doyle successfully use characterization and setting to build suspense in The Speckled Band?

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The Sherlock Holmes' mysteries, written by Arthur Conan Doyle in the nineteenth century, were serialized in magazines and they became incredibly popular. 'The Speckled Band' focuses on the Roylott family, of Stoke Moran in Surrey. The family includes twin sisters Julia and Helen Stoner, and their stepfather Dr Grimesby Roylott.

The readers' first impression of Helen Stoner is that she is grieving over someone's death, due to her appearance. She is "dressed in black and heavily veiled". The reader is encouraged to feel sympathy for Helen Stoner and anxious to find out who has died and how, as she is clearly in mourning.

The simile used to portray her fear and agitation suggests she is weak and vulnerable, maybe even the next victim. "Restless frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal", indicates to the reader how she is being "hunted" like some kind of prey. This assists in building the suspense, as the reader is unaware of the details of the death, it is still a mystery.

Conan Doyle's use of adjectives and verbs in the description of Helen Stoner portrays her as a rapidly ageing woman of 0 years. Her features and figure were those of a woman of 0, but her hair was shot with premature grey…" This creates tension, as the reader would still be uninformed of the mystery, and therefore intrigued to discover what it is that has caused Helen Stoner to age so severely, so quickly.

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Cheerleading

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During the coarse of this week the majority of my time was spent creating orginal cheers and ruitines for the girls to learn. I had to keep in mind that they were younger and could not do some of the moves I was taught being on the highschool squad. I put together a mini dance ruitine to teach them and also about five cheers. They definately needed some new cheers after they showed me what they already have. I plan on making more for them to use in following seasons. I also spent some time with the girls showing them some basics of cheerleading. Things that I was told as a beginer freshmen I passed down to them. This will definately prepare them better for the highschool squad. I also continued some of my reasearch on coaching and perfetional

This week we had a meeting for our clinic. We brought the girls munshkins and all sat in a circle. Each girl listed a goal they wished to get acomplished in our clinic. many of the girls wanted to learn more advanced lifts and try new things. One girl Lauren said she wanted to get a scorpian in the air, which is holding your leg behind yourself, while balancing on one foot. They definately had high expectations for themselves as young cheerleaders. Also, many of the girls wanted to get better at gymnastics, such as cartwheels and flexibility.

I really feel as though we are getting close to the girls. After we told them about the clinic we all sat around laughing with eachother. They told Christina and I funny stories about the people in their school and their lives. They are a very energetic and positive group of girls. The sixth graders I especially have developed a liking to. Even though they are the most talkative, they can always make me laugh with their silly stories.

One of the 6th grade girls who happens to be very sensitive got a little upset at the meeting. Someone mentioned a comment about how she is so tall for her age, and her face turned bright red. When a lot of the girls agreed, she told them to all stop. We assured her that she was beautiful and should have nothing to wurry about.

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St Francis of Assisi

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The aspect of Francis' spirituality, which this paper will try to explore, is the Eucharist and the enormous significance this sacrament held for him. In chapter CL11 of "The Second Life of St Francis" Celano writes that "Francis burned with a love that came from his whole being for the sacrament of the Lord's body…". Celano goes on to tell us that Francis attended Mass daily whenever possible and received Holy Communion frequently, "…with such devotion that he made others also devout."

There can be no doubt that the Eucharist was the central part of Francis' spirituality for in this sacrament he encountered the reality of Christ and his love for mankind; in addition, the Mass was important to him because he heard the Gospel proclaimed and participated in the commemoration of Christ's death on the cross.

Francis of Assisi (118-16) was a medieval man who had a limited formal education; for instance he probably composed his letters rather than wrote them himself. He was not a scholar or a theologian.

Francis lived in an era where "…there was appearing, almost everywhere, a kind of passionate straining towards the pure ideal of the Gospel". There was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction with monastic life, a demand for a purer preaching of the Gospel, and reform of the secular clergy, many of whom were wealthy and lazy. In response to the lacily of many secular clerics and the rigidity and luxury of monastic life, nonconformist movements arose which focused on penitence and poverty. Such groups as the Cathars, the Albigensians and the Waldensians advocated, "lay preaching" and "apostolic poverty" as ways to return to basic Gospel values. These groups soon found themselves regarded as heretical when their doctrines grew ever more extreme and conflicted with official Church beliefs.

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Francis on the other hand, though inspired by a similar motivation to embrace utter poverty of spirit and a simple, humble life of service in the Lord's name, remained always obedient to the Church authority, and frequently sought guidance from his advocate and friend, The Bishop of Assisi. Francis and his followers lived their lives of poverty and penance within the Church and in complete compliance to Papal directives. Francis was never doubted that the Catholic Church "…was the upholder and guardian of the truth. He thought her doctrine irrefutable and her faith the only guarantee for salvation of man (1Cee 6)"

Given St Francis' strong loyalty and love for the Church, it follows that for him as for the Church at large, the central act for worship was the Mass. In his desire to follow absolutely a way of life based on that of Jesus Christ, he found in the mystery of the Eucharist the inspiration to pursue his calling. In the Eucharist he met his crucified Lord, his humble Lord, and above all, his loving Lord. The reverence with which Francis regarded the Eucharist stemmed from his "…deep Theological insight into meaning. In it he discovered all that was required as the foundation for his life of penance. His love for this mystery grew out of his realization through faith that in it the whole redemptive work of God for us is once more made visible and tangible."

To discover what Francis actually taught and practiced regarding the Eucharist there is no better place to look than his writings. In the first of the Admonitions, entitled "The Blessed Sacrament", Francis pets out simply and unequivocally his belief that the bread and wine consecrated on the alter by the priest become the "most holy Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ." Speaking of Christ's humanity in this sacrament Francis states that "He shows himself to us in this sacred bread just as he once appeared to his apostles in real flesh." And again he says "We, too, with our own eyes, see only bread and wine, but we must see further and firmly believe that this is his most holy Body and Blood, living and true." For Francis there is no doubt the sacramental bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ as every Mass. This belief compliments Francis' devotion to the person of Jesus. As Ilia Delis states in his article "Francis and the Body of Christ"; "The emphasis on the body and blood of Christ points to the humanity of Christ, the real flesh and blood of God's presence upon earth."

There was no more sacred, significant meaningful or precious part of Francis' day that his attendance at Mass, daily Mass was a practice he urged upon his friars. In a letter, which Francis sent to a general chapter towards the end of his life when his followers included priests, he gives the following counsel

And so this is my advice, this is my earnest request in the Lord That in the places where the friars live only one Mass a day be said in the rite of the holy Church. If there are several priests in a place, each should be glad for the love of charity to have assisted at the celebration of the other.

The humility of Francis was one of the many ways he put into practice his calling to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ. He was profoundly attracted by Christ's humility and poverty; for instance Jesus' birth in the most basic of human circumstances moved him deeply. But above all else the mystery of Christ in the Eucharist was a marvel almost beyond words for him. In another section of his "Letter to a General Chapter" Francis expresses this as follows

O sublime humility! O humble sublimity! That the Lord of the whole universe, God and the Son of God, should humble himself like this and hide under the form of a little bread, for our salvation.

Being awestruck by Christ's real presence during the celebration of The Mass did not deter Francis from frequently receiving Communion. In this regard he behaved somewhat differently from hi contemporaries, for in the early thirteenth century, frequent Communion was not the normal practice, even amongst monks and nuns. Francis' desire to embrace the reality of Jesus in the Eucharist (as often as possible) runs parallel to his intense devotion to the humanity of Jesus Christ and his desire to follow his personal Savior as intimately as he could. It is not surprising that writers about Francis remark on the respect and veneration towards the reserved Eucharist and his concern that the blessed sacrament be stored in suitable places, that chalices and other items used at Mass be treated with car and reverence, along with the written word of God. It would seem that in Francis' time carelessness and even disrespect in these matters occurred quite often and Francis was at pains to connect practices, which seemed so unworthy to him. There occurs in Francis' own writings a number of instances when he urges greater respect; for instance the "Letter to all Superiors of The Friars Minor", the "Letter to a General Chapter" and the "Letter to all Clerics". In his "testament", written not long before his death, Francis repeats his teaching "Above everything else, I want this most holy Sacrament to be honored and venerated and reserved in places which are richly ornamented".

It follows that Francis had enormous respect for all priests and there are many expressions of this in his writings. Admonition XXVI has Francis stating that The Clergy "…are in privileged position because they have change of the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ…" Celano's "Second Life of St Francis" describes the saint as often saying that if he should have the opportunity to meet a saint from heaven and a poor priest he, Francis, "…would first show honor to the priest and quickly go to kiss his hands" . Whereas to the saint Francis would say "Wait, St Lawrence, for the hands of this one touch the Word of Life, and have something about them that is more than human" . This shows how deeply Francis believed that at the Eucharist the Word of Life becomes flesh among us, irrespective of whether the priest is a worthy on or not . Such faith impresses deeply despite the distance of eight hundred years because of the sincerely of Francis' words both written and reported.

What does Francis' attitude to the Eucharist have to offer to Christians of the Third millennium? I believe that in the first place Christians of today could learn from Francis' sense of awe and reverence regarding the Eucharist. Secondly, Francis' understanding that the Eucharist ideally invited one to live a Eucharistic life is relevant in all eras. Thirdly, Francis' emphasis on peace and joy could well begin for modern men and women with the Eucharist, the sacrament of unity.

Modern Christians are capable of being as neglectful and irreverent towards the Eucharist as Francis' contemporaries. Believing as we do, that we live in a more sophisticated age than Francis and having the benefit of centuries of education and theological study about the Eucharist available to us, as well as a multitude of other spiritualities which may enrich us, perhaps the centrality of the Eucharist to our lives is not like it was to Francis. Francis' beliefs were not couched in theological terms because he was a man simplicity, yet his belief that the Mass connected him in a real and personal and intimate way to the person of Jesus Christ is so lucidly expressed so often in his writings, that we must conclude that this sacrament was central to his life, that it was supremely important over and above all his other beliefs and religious activities. The wonder of this sacrament was never diminished in Francis' eyes. Today's custom of receiving Communion at every Mass, unlike the practice in Francis' day, could perhaps have contributed to an attitude of greater familiarly and lesser reverence. That which has become routine in today's busy world can also have lost its luster of awe and mystery. I believe St. Francis sets a great example for us today.

Just as Jesus Christ lived his life for all, so did Francis in his wish to follow and imitate Christ. Francis' original ministry to the lepers who were society's outcasts, was inspired and sustained by his faith that in the Eucharist he was embraced by Jesus Christ and thereby invited to embrace all he encountered, especially the poor, the sick, the untouchable, those whom Jesus has sought out in his life time. This idea cannot be less relevant in 00 than in the thirteenth century. The Eucharist joins us to all our sisters and brothers and invites us to live out this relationship in daily life, as Francis did so perfectly. Ilia Delis expresses this in following way

If Eucharist means finding oneself internally related to every other, including one's enemies, and embracing the other in love, than it is indeed the source of a truly catholic personality and the seed of a new creation, whereby all humanity is bound in a unity of love.

The example of Francis as a man who so extolled the blessings of peace and joy can be an inspiration in this third millennium where we daily encounter disunity, inequality, social injustice, war and all degrees of enmity. The Eucharist, which Francis saw as the sacrament of unity, remains that today, if we adopt this consciousness. Francis found in the Mass his main source of love, peace and joyful self-giving, always aware that these were the gifts of the Jesus he encountered there. Could not these same gifts transform whatever situation we may be in on a personal level, and assist to bring healing to our imperfect world?Please note that this sample paper on St Francis of Assisi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on St Francis of Assisi, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on St Francis of Assisi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Team Dynamics

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Team Dynamics

"Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, and working together is success." - Henry Ford

Many organizations are harnessing the power of teams to improve performance and replace traditional "command and control" methods. Robinson defines a team as "[…] a unit of people with complementary skills who are committed to a unilateral purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for performance to goals using a common process" (Maintenance Management 506). While effective teams may indeed generate synergistic results, ineffective teams may actually prove to be counter-productive. Team dynamics are affected by the characteristics of the individuals and the ways in which they interrelate as a group. Achieving high performance levels with teams is dependent on constructive interaction among the members. Teammates must be able, and willing, to draw on the individual strengths of each other as well as to compensate for weaknesses. While teams are used in many different ways, for this discussion we will focus on project teams.

In constructing a project team, it is important to include members with complementary skills. The proper mix of skills and abilities is a crucial factor in the team's success. The selection process should ensure that the team is composed of people who possess the appropriate technical knowledge, the ability to solve problems effectively, and are able to make sound decisions. It is also important to include members with strong interpersonal skills (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). The latter can be especially important since each team member brings to the group his or her own unique personality, biases, and interests. This diversity is one of the reasons that effective teams are able to achieve levels of performance greater than that of the individuals; however, these differences may also be a source of conflict within the group.

School papers on Team Dynamics

When a team is starting out, if those with stronger skills decide to move forward without consideration of those who do not possess the required skills, the team will begin to fall apart (Yager 11). To prevent this, and achieve optimal results, the team should draw on the knowledge and skills of each member, requiring them to be engaged in the process. Yager notes, "All learning, if it is to be effective, must proceed from awareness to choices and options, and then to applications and change" (11). In designing the way in which a team will operate, it is important to consider the different personality traits of the members and the affect on team dynamics. While some people are influenced more by their feelings, others require facts. Domineering personalities may cause those who are less assertive to withdraw and avoid voicing their views, potentially resulting in a loss of valuable insights. Personality and behavioral style tools such as the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator and the DISC Assessment can provide an insight into the ways individuals may interact with others. With a better understanding of their styles, team members can determine the most effective way to approach each other.

The attitude each member brings to the process will have an influence on the dynamics of the team. Volunteers normally approach the process more positively than those forced into participation will. Some individuals may come to the team with a strong positive or negative bias toward the team objective. For example, if one of the members has previously worked on a project that the team's responsibility, there may be resentment that he or she was not allowed individual credit for the work. Others may lack motivation to participate in a process that does not generate benefits for them as individuals. In an altruistic environment, each member of the team would only consider the benefits to the team goal in their interaction. However, as humans, each member brings their own interests to the team process and, to some extent, will tend to influence situations from a personal gain or loss perspective. If the team is working on a high profile project, some members may view it as an opportunity to improve their visibility within the organization. If individual interests override those of the team, there is likely to be conflict.

Creating a charter is an important first step in setting the team up for success. As the team works on its assignment, it will help maintain focus and guide the process. An effective charter covers areas such as the team's purpose, goals, methods, resources, boundaries, commitments, and process checks. Properly constructed, it can provide a basis to work through the normal issues encountered by new teams and help them deal more effectively with the conflicts that are certain to arise (Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al 5). In addition to the charter, the team should develop a good set of ground rules to guide the expectations for interaction of the group. The ground rules should be clear and agreed upon everyone on the team.

Just as each person brings their own personal traits to the team, they also bring a unique background. This allows the team to draw from a variety experience, skill, and knowledge bases in working together. In forming a project team, it is important to assemble a group with the right skills and abilities for the work at hand. This often means the members will come from different functions and levels of an organization with various amounts of experience in working in teams. While building a team with individuals who bring a great deal of knowledge and experience relating to the project may seem ideal, it may also limit the creativity of the team. To obtain the best results, the team should find ways to challenge past methods and current thinking. Utilizing the diversity of experiences across the team may identify new approaches and options to the project at hand. Conversely, the team should contain a level of knowledge and experience to allow them to move forward at an acceptable rate.

As the team works on various aspects of a project, different skills are required. Time spent acquiring the capabilities required for that phase may hinder timely progress. The selection of team members should take into consideration the various functions required for success. Subsequent training and follow-up is necessary to support the team members if the project outcome is to be successful. Effective teams will incorporate learning into the process as a priority. At times, the team must rely on outside means to supplement their own abilities and must establish ways to access these resources.

Another consideration for team selection is the level of authority necessary to achieve results. If the project requires access to financial, labor, or other resources to execute the project, they must have the ability to obtain these resources. The scope and availability of resources granted to the team should be outlined early in the process and agreed upon by management. Teams often struggle in this area if tasked to achieve results without the necessary tools. Once these tools and resources are available, the members may require training and guidance in their use. A team sponsor or mentor may be able to provide the support and guidance necessary to keep the team moving forward.

In some situations, it may be beneficial to include a senior manager or executive with the authority to approve use of resources beyond the scope of the team. A concern with this approach is the effect on team dynamics. There is a natural inclination for people to defer to the "boss" rather than voicing their views. This may inhibit some of the beneficial interaction and idea sharing found in a group of peers. It may be preferable to establish a process for the team to present their needs to the appropriate manager or executive group for approval.

For a team to function effectively there are roles and responsibilities that must be fulfilled, such as leading meetings, agenda distribution, recording minutes, or arranging a meeting place. The ability to achieve results in a team environment is dependent the ability of the team to establish a structure that considers the combination of personalities, skills, and experience. In some teams, leadership responsibilities rest with one individual, others may rotate leadership at determined intervals, and still others may change leadership to best suit various stages of a project. Because of the varied interests, skills, knowledge and abilities of the members within a team, it is important to establish a leader within the team. Goals must be communicated by the leader so that the team members are inspired with a shared vision to maintain a commitment to the success of the project (Taylor 15).

A key role of the leader is to ensure that the group stays on task while promoting participation by all members. It is essential that the team establish the methods for performing tasks and monitoring progress. Since it is very easy for team meetings to get off track, agendas are useful to maintain order, structure, and time control. When meetings continually stray, members may become frustrated or lose interest; however, at times, it does make sense. The leader must make the judgment of when to allow a valuable process to continue despite the agenda. Team leaders must be careful to avoid the use of a member's positional influence to sway the direction of the team.

Most team members dread the task of recording minutes leading many teams to struggle with assigning this responsibility. The recorder must be careful to accurately capture the main meeting topics and decisions and avoid personal bias in presenting the information. Often this role limits direct participation; therefore, it may be desirable to rotate this role. An alternative would be to have a designated recorder who is not a team member to achieve that the greatest level of participation from all team members. Good record keeping will help prevent disagreements later in the process.

There may be other ongoing roles depending on the structure and focus of a team. Tasks such as updating a project timeline or updating a management group are often assigned to one or more members of the group for the duration of the project. Though often overlooked, being a team member is a role in itself. Mark Taylor, president and CEO of TAYLOR Systems Engineering Corp., maintains, "No leader exists without gaining the support of others. The first natural law of leadership changes our view of followers because it recognizes the collegial, partnering role they play. Followers are allies who represent the necessary opposite side of the leadership coin." (15)

A team can function at peak performance when all members take an active part in the team practice. Regardless of the team's structure or function, all members should participate in the process and provide feedback to the group. This can be difficult when there are strong personalities or authority figures on the team. A well-designed team charter and good ground rules will support a process where all team members feel equal and safe to share their views. This is especially important during brainstorming and problem solving processes where breakthroughs are often a result of one idea triggering another. By drawing from the diversity of the group, teams have a greater opportunity to identify new and innovative solutions to the problems they face.

With teams becoming increasingly important in business today, understanding team dynamics will help to ensure they operate effectively. Good teams are able to tap into the diversity of members to achieve higher levels of performance. Drawing upon the various skills and experience of each individual, teams can accomplish things that individuals cannot. Teams will function best in an environment that is committed to their success and provides the support necessary for their development. Establishing processes to evaluate and support teams in achieving effective interaction of members will support organizational goals as well. Without this process, team dynamics may inhibit performance of the group, leading to less than optimal results. The ultimate level of success achieved by the team will be a function of the effectiveness of member interaction. George Eckes, the primary consultant for General Electric Co. wrote in The Six Sigma Revolution, published two years ago "By far the greatest source of team failures is poor team dynamics and poor facilitative leadership behaviors" (qtd. in Taylor 15).Works Cited

Taylor, Mark. "When software fails The problem isn't the software, but the leadership."

Frontline Solutions 8 (00) 15. 10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp.

"Team Success You Can Help Make It Happen." Maintenance Management 506 (1) 5.

10 March 00. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp.

Thompson, Aranda, Robbins et al. Tools for Teams. Boston Pearson

Yager, Ed. "Ropes Courses and Leaders." Enterprise/Salt Lake City 10 (000) 11.

10 March 00. http//web8.epnet.com/delivery.asp.

Please note that this sample paper on Team Dynamics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Team Dynamics, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Team Dynamics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What Is Happiness?

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"Pain is what we feel when our soul touches evil. Happiness is what we feel when our soul touches love!" That's a from a book by James McBride. Happiness is more than just being "content". Being "content" is a more settled, a passive feeling, maybe like after one has just eaten a large meal. Life feels good, life feels just right, you wish things could just stay that way. Happiness is a more active feeling, a vibrant joy that sings and dances inside you. Something we want to share with the world around us, and the people we care about. Often what we feel is contentment though, and not happiness.

Happiness is short-lived. That rush of energy is hard to maintain. We can get happy over the minute things in life. Like when a friend says hi, when we get something new. The happiness stays for but a minute though, and what we have left, if we are still feeling positive, is contentment.

The pursuit of happiness is in fact, useless. Its a losing battle because there is nothing to keep us permanently happy. When the friend goes away, when we tire of the toy, we fall back to contentment. Happiness leaves like a bird in the winter. Just leaving us to try to predict the date of its next arrival.

Whats wrong with just being content? Nothing, essentially, except that for some reason, we associate it with laziness, and we just start moping around kind of feeling satisfied. That's the mistake in our way of thinking. Happiness is available to me each moment of every day, it's a gift, and all I have to do is open it up. That's what I try to do on a daily basis. I try sharing a smile, playing with my nieces and nephews, hearing or telling good jokes, there are several opportunities to experience genuine happiness on a daily basis, and for most of my life, I missed them. Just because I thought I had to go find it. I would care less what anybody thought or did about anything. It wasn't until I became happy with myself that I started to spread happiness everywhere else, and I learned what real happiness was.

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Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis

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Why Hong Kong?

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to show and explain the comparative country risk analysis between the nations of Hong Kong and Chile. The findings of this research are to compare and evaluate the economic and political factors that affect the business environment of these two counties. The main purpose of this document is to illustrate why Hong Kong is better place to invest, compared to another country.

Hong Kong

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Hong Kong Country Profile

Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on July 1, 17. Five years later, it remains the worlds freest economy, tenth-largest trading entity, and ninth-largest banking center. Hong Kongs standard of living exceeds that of Great Britain ($4,506 vs. $,41). The economy has been built on Hong Kongs status as a major trading port and financial center for East Asia. In particular, Hong Kong is renowned for its rule of law, lack of trade barriers, and low taxes. Despite a robust 10.5 percent GDP growth rate in 000, a drop in U.S. economic growth affected Hong Kong seriously and a concomitant fall-off in U.S. imports, with GDP growth collapsing to 0.1 percent in 001. The SAR was hit hard by the regional downturn of 17-8 and the US-led slowdown of 001-0. GDP growth will pick up again when external demand recovers, but the last five years have exposed economic shortcomings. The first is an over-reliance on the property sector for official revenue. This issue has attracted attention since the property price bubble burst in 17, leaving the government with a structural fiscal deficit. The second is rapid infrastructure development in China, which some fear risks sidelining the SAR. In response, officials are seeking to strengthen Hong Kong?s role as an entrep�t, focusing on financial services, logistics, tourism, and producer and professional services.

Hong Kong Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

March B B A B A

February B B B B A

Short-term risk event

Failure to bring about an improvement in the fiscal position?the deficit rose to the equivalent of 5.5% of GDP in 00/0?could prompt renewed speculation over the future of the fixed link between the Hong Kong and US dollars.

Political risk

The passing of laws that prohibit acts of ?treason, secession, sedition and subversion? against the Chinese state, even if less draconian than initially feared, will impinge upon the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The creeping erosion of Hong Kong?s autonomy could damage investor confidence.

Foreign trade

Hong Kong levies virtually no import tariffs or duties and is considered a duty-free port. It also does not maintain anti-dumping or countervailing duties legislation or import quotas. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, some excise duties are charged on four groups of commodities [including] hydrocarbon oil, liquors, methyl alcohol and tobacco. Overall, there are very few barriers to imports in Hong Kong, which has one of the worlds most accessible markets. It is an important market for U.S. exports and consumes U.S. manufactured and agricultural goods at a higher rate per capita than most of the worlds other economies.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

8.4 8.47 5 11 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 16 countries Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.

Economic outlook

Strong growth in re-exports will drive GDP growth of .7% in 00 and 4% in 004. However, consumer price deflation will persist in 00-04, as consumer and business confidence remains fragile. The current-account surplus will remain large in 00 (equivalent to 8.7% of GDP) because import growth is held back by weak domestic demand, but it is expected to narrow in 004 as stronger domestic demand boosts imports.

Debt outlook

Hong Kong?s total external debt is forecast to grow from around US$4.5bn (0.% of GDP) in 00 to US$60.bn (4.% of GDP) in 004, as private companies borrow in order to finance expanded operations in mainland China. The debt-service ratio will be low in 00-04, averaging just over .5%.

Economic forecast summary (Table 1)

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) . .7 4.0

Consumer prices (% change; av) -.0 -1.5 -0.8

Exchange rate HK$US$ (av) 7.80 7.80 7.80

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 01,71 7,787 46,606

Goods imports fob -07,100 -,10 -54,47

Trade balance -5,8 -4,4 -7,741

Current-account balance 1,66 14,064 1,14

Current-account balance (% of GDP) 8.6 8.7 7.4

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance ,74 ,44 7,886

Total debt 4,447 56,404 60,44

Total debt service 7,457 8,08 ,05

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) .6 .5 .6

Chile

Chile Country Profile

Chile has been a model of economic reform for Latin America since the beginning of the 180sa record of success that is due in large measure to a trade policy of unilateral liberalization coupled with an almost uniform tariff rate. Yet President Ricardo Lagos, who took office in March 000, has promoted a reversal of labor deregulation and spending restraint. Recently, Chile?s government approved long-promised labor legislation in September 001, adding significantly to the burden of doing business in Chile. Also, the tax on reinvested corporate profits rose from 15 percent to 16 percent, and will increase to 17 percent in 004. The tax increase will finance a cut in personal taxes to stimulate consumption. These two measures raise the cost of investment in Chile and will undermine prospects for lower unemployment, currently at percent; they also cast doubt on whether Chile will remain a model of reform for the rest of Latin America. The Lagos administration has committed to imposing a structural budget surplus rule of 1 percent of GDP but is struggling to keep its commitment. Chile recently signed a free trade agreement with the European Union, which now awaits ratification in Congress, and is engaged in trade negotiations with the United States. In addition, the low economic growth of the past five years, averaging .5 percent per year, prompted a meeting between representatives of the public and private sectors to elaborate a pro-growth agenda, which has yet to be introduced in Congress. Chiles fiscal burden of government score is 0.5 point better this year; however, both its government intervention and regulation scores are 1 point worse. As a result, Chiles overall score is 0.15 point worse this year, causing Chile to be classified as a mostly free economy.

Chile Country Risk

COUNTRY VIEW

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

Overall Overall Political Economic Economic Liquidity

rating score risk policy risk structure risk Risk

September B 1 A A C A

June B A A C A

Short-term risk event

A deterioration in crisis-hit Mercosur would have a negative impact on Chiles already volatile currency.

Political Risk

Although the ruling Concertacion and the opposition Alianza por Chile (the Alianza) coalitions have reverted to traditional consensus politics, the president, Ricardo Lagos, will use political polarisation in an attempt to stem the rise of Joaquin Lavin, the likely presidential candidate for the Alianza in 005. Nevertheless, the Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) constituent of Concertacion will maintain a moderating influence on government political strategy. Despite a wider than previously forecast fiscal deficit for 00, fiscal policy remains cautious.

Foreign trade

On January 1, 00, according to the U.S. Trade Representative, the government reduced the flat tariff rate of 8 percent on most products to 7 percent. Chile has by far the best tariff regime in its region; however, its tariffs are still high by global standards. On some agricultural goods, such as wheat, vegetable oils, and sugar, Chile applies duties on top of the existing tariff rate, and this can increase the effective tariff rate dramatically. The U.S. Trade Representative reports that due to low international wheat prices in 1 and 000, this system led to applied import duties as high as 0 percent, well above Chiles WTO bound rate. In May 001, the price band was temporarily lowered until March 00. Since agriculture is one of the most important export sectors, barriers on agricultural products distort trade significantly. If the price band increases after March 00, Chiles trade policy score could worsen in future editions of the Index.

Business environment ranking summary

Value of index() Global rank() Regional rank()

18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07 18-00 00-07

7.1 7.4 0 0 1 1

() Out of 10. () Out of 60 countries. () Out of 8 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela

Economic outlook

GDP growth will weaken to .4% in 00, but should recover in 00 as confidence in both the domestic and global economies improves. Inflation is expected to remain within the -4% range set by the Central Bank. The current-account deficit will be manageable in the forecast period.

Debt outlook

The expansion of the debt stock is slowing and Chiles debt profile remains healthy. The debt-service ratio will decline in the forecast period on the back of higher export earnings and lower debt repayments.

Economic forecast summary (Table )

00 00 004

Real GDP (% change) .8 .4 4.

Consumer prices (% change; av) .6 .1 .

Exchange rate Ps US$ (av) 66. 685.47 60.54

Current account (US$ m)

Goods exports fob 17,440 18, 0,87

Goods imports fob -15,877 -16,0 -18,601

Trade balance 1,56 ,11 ,6

Current-account balance -0 -0 -565

Current-account balance (% of GDP) -1.4 -1.4 -0.8

External financing (US$ m)

Financing balance -5,7 -4,84 -4,10

Total debt 7,5 ,17 41,47

Total debt service 6,486 4,40 4,716

Debt-service ratio, paid (%) 7.8 1.1 18.1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The GDP is measures the value of a nations output of goods and services for some period of time, usually a year. GDP can increase for two distinct reasons. It can increase because more goods and services are being produced, or it can increase because prices of goods and services have risen. The economic forecast summary tables (tables 1 and ), revel in recent data that Hong Kong?s is much stronger in its GDP than is Chile. Chile?s GDP is clearly poor compared to Hong Kong?s. Hong Kong?s GDP is definitively very high, compared to Chile?s and to other nation?s and this fact is really proven through both, recent and historical economic data.

Conclusion

According to the findings of this research, both nations have advantages and disadvantages over their economic, political and business environment factors. Hence, it is very hard to say that these two nations (Hong Kong and Chile) are similar in their country risk structure. What is a fact is that Chile and Hong Kong are very different in most ideologies of economic expansion and development. Political and economic risks of both countries are definitively the driven forces that control and expand the business environment of each, but at the same time these forces are the power that removes barriers of foreign trade and investment of both nations. Chile?s foreign trade status is low, limited and pessimistic. During many years, Chile has been struggling a lot in improving and expanding its foreign trade rank, even nowadays. During the time, Chile?s trade barriers have been fixed and improved, but they still high by global standards. In other hand, Hong Kong?s foreign trade and investment barriers are highly much lower than Chile?s in terms of import tariffs, quotas, duties etc. In short, Hong Kong is better place to invest, relatively to Chile, because of its low level of protectionism.

References

Library References (UHD) Historical Economic Growth

Online Journals. Web sites

http//www.heritage.org/research/features/index/

http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,16,00.html

http//www.econ.pncbank.com/cra.htm

Please note that this sample paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Hong Kong vs Chile.A comparative Country Risk Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gothic furniture

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GOTHIC

The Gothic period, which came after the Byzantine and Romanesque age, was pushed by the growth and spread of Christianity in and around Europe. Furniture was a big part of peoples lives and they saw it as a way to express themselves. Gothic furniture was crude and heavy at first but later became decorative and lighter. The European crusaders helped introduce this change, and helped Europe to advance in their furniture styles. The general lines of the gothic style were heavy and based on church motives. Tall arches and very little furniture was the gothic style. The strictness of the churches demanded that furniture be proper and decorative rather than comfortable and cozy. Furniture from this age was often extremely heavy and most chests were often immovable. However the chest or hutch was probably one of the most popular pieces of furniture of the gothic age. These chests and hutches were used as benches or seats in the daytime but at night they were used as beds or couches. Hutches and trunks were also often used as storage bins for family articles so that when the family moved they could bring the chest with them. Pin hinges were often used to secure the roughly constructed tops. A very thick and wide piece of solid oak was used for the front and sides of the hutch. When chests and dressers became more common. It was at this time that the trestle table came into being, some even having drawers. Decorated armchairs were still only used in churches as seats for royalty or as choir stalls. X and triangle shaped chairs were also used in most churches. Throughout the gothic period, decorative furniture became more popular and it was beginning to be more comfortable. Probably the most notable floral pattern developed was the royal fleur-de-lis.

Oak was the most common wood used at this time, but in the late part of the Gothic period softwoods were introduced. Today, furniture of the Gothic design is mostly used in churches, but some families like to put gothic style furniture in their dining rooms, hunting lodges and summer homes. College papers on gothic furniture on gothic furniture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Creating Together

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Creating Together

In our daily lives, on our traveling path, we are always confronting obstacles and decisions that would affect the direction in which we are going. However, the ultimate end of a journey doesn't only depend on us, it is also influenced by people we encounter. Two novels, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Animal Dreams, by Barbara Kingsolver, had successfully drawn the main character's journey of life. Gatsby and Codi's lifestyles are totally different throughout both novels, but their journeys are similar in a way that they both affected by other characters they encounter on the way.

Gatsby became very wealthy, but he began life as just an ordinary, lower-class, citizen. Even before Gatsby is introduced, it is hinted that he is out of the ordinary. The first evidence of this is when Nick says, "Gatsby turned out all right at the end" (GG 6). Nothing was known about Gatsby at the time and Nick is already saying Gatsby was okay. There's an air of mystery surrounding Gatsby. Everyone knows of him but no one knows who he really is or where he comes from.

When Gatsby was still James Gatz, be had a dream of leaving his life on the farm behind and becoming a part of the upper-class. Even Gatsby's father knew when he said, "If he'd lived, he'd of been a great man" (GG 176). According to Berman "That phrase "great man" is important and will be widely intertextual from 106 to 1. Greatness is not simply personal; it has public shape and consciousness" (11~1).

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Gatsby's first real break in the outside world was when he met a wealthy yachtsman, Don Cody. Gatsby was seventeen at the time and had just left his life on the farm. "When Gatsby is seventeen years old, Don Cody comes sailing into his world"

(Lehan 4). It is Cody who showes Gatsby the ways of the world and develops Gatsby's appreciation for wealth. "[…] becomes Gatsby's image of the wealthy and successful man." (Bloom 8). "To young Gatz, resting on his oars and looking up at the railed deck, that yacht represented all the beauty and glamour in the world" (GG 106). Fitzgerald uses this quote to mark the point at which Gatsby encounters wealth and power for the first time, and also, he uses it to symbolize Gatsby's social standing and economic status. By comparing Gatsby's rowboat with Codi's luxurious yacht, Fitzgerald presents the idea that money and power translate into bigger and better things. The event is symbolic in that it illustrates Gatsby's perception that wealth is a necessity. By saying that he was "looking up" to "all the beauty and glamour in the world," Fitzgerald makes it evident that Gatsby idolized this lifestyle. Lehan concludes that "Once Gatsby begins to go about Don Cody's business in the realm that has replaced the frontier, he indeed goes in pursuit of meretricious beauty" (51).

After Gatsby was introduced to Daisy, she was the only thing that mattered to him. To Gatsby, Daisy's character is metaphor for his hope and dreams. However, she married Tom Buchanan, "[…] who is so wealthy that he could give her a $50,000 pearl necklace for a wedding present" (Lehan 106). The most significant difference between Tom and Gatsby was their economic and social standing in society. Tom was wealthy and powerful, and Gatsby was from a middle class Midwestern family with little money or prestige to their name. Gatsby dreams of one day reuniting with Daisy and recapturing the love he lost, and he accomplishes this by acquiring the wealth and social status, which he lacked five years before. Gatsby invites Tom and Daisy to one of his parties and to display his new position among society's elite, Gatsby says, "You must see the faces of many people you've heard about" (111). Gatsby also refers to Tom as "the polo player", implying that Tom is insignificant compared to the many "celebrities" present at the party (111). Daisy, however, is impressed by Gatsby's exorbitant amount of wealth, but "once Daisy comes to understand the source of Gatsby's money her interest in him is gone forever" says Lehan (57). Daisy was both the main cause of Gatsby's great wealth, and also the only cause of foolishness in his life.

If Don Cody is the first of Gatsby's new fathers then Meyer Wolfsheim is Gatsby's second father figure, according to Lehan (56). Gatsby's life between the war and when he's introduced in the book is quite vague. It is known that he at some point went into business with Meyer Wolfsheim who was very much involved in New York bootlegging and had possible connections with the Mafia. Wolfsheim claims to have made Gatsby the man that he was.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson have almost nothing to do with Gatsby throughout the novel, but it is a coincidence that Gatsby had to end his life by this two characters. Towards the end, Gatsby wouldn't give up on Daisy. After the accident in which Daisy killed Mrs. Wilson, it was the end for her and Gatsby. And yet "He couldn't possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. He was clutching at some last hope […]" (GG 155). Daisy couldn't possibly face the fact that she might go to jail and she knew Gatsby would take her blame. Because of Tom's lie and Gatsby's willingness to accept the blame for Daisy, Gatsby had face death by a stranger, Wilson.

Gatsby's journey ends in a lonely and meaningless way. His death is cathartic because his dream is never satisfied. He could have never fulfilled a prosperous life living for a past love. When Daisy leaves with Tom, and Gatsby loses her, it is the death of his dreams. Gatsby's death is symbolic of the death of the dreams. If Mrs. George would not have come along to end his life, Gatsby would have killed himself. Everything he worked for and everything he did, he did for Daisy. Without her, his life was meaningless; however, he could have been a great man who would have "[…] helped build up the country" (GG 176). Because most of the people Gatsby encountered were bad influences, this is the only way his life could had ended. Don Cody and Meyer Wolfsheim affected Gatsby's idea of making money through illegal activities, and Daisy made Gatsby live in the past, he could never achieve the American Dream. If he never had met them, he might have had a better life and a better end of his journey.

Like Gatsby, Codi comes from an ordinary family, and had a normal childhood, except she lost her mother at age three. When her mother Alice passed away she took part of Homero with her. What she left was a misfit of time and circumstance; an emotionally distraught and distant man who attempted to resemble a father but veered more towards the tin man. Homero existed beyond his wife as only a page out of an instruction manual, the one with the caution statement. Homero's delicate heart decided that the only way to endure Alice's death was to flush any memory of her out of his fortified technical realm which throughout the novel becomes increasingly skewed. Kingsolver pushes home this idea by omitting Alice from any of Homero's frequent flashbacks which are usually mishaps from the past involving his daughters. These incidents are his only recollection of his daughters' estranged childhood in which he strained to create strong women out of confused, motherless children. Homer's fear of becoming attached to anything which reminded him of Alice resulted in an unorthodox childhood for Hallie and Codi. Homero was more of a baby sitter than a real father. Retaining only his technical aptitude after Alice died all he could do was providing his kids with orthopedic shoes and the correct medicine. When not fixing Codi or Hallie's present or future ailments, Homero took photographs of natural objects and slyly transformed them into man-made devices by doing what he seemed to be best at, distorting images.

Codi, similar to her father mentally, blocked out her past. Her childhood remained within her as only a series of stained and misplaced memories. Codi attempted to follow in her father's footprints, fixing every one of life's problems with an internal wrench. Homero is a metaphor for Codi's loss of memory and her attempt to find her past. By approaching life from behind this falsified image, Codi managed to distance herself from everything and everyone who could have hurt her. One aspect of life from which Codi was bred to be distanced is the past. As Codi grew older, she began wondering about her family's past. Homero basically told her they had no past. So with no past and no identity, Codi lived, searching for security and stability through a mother figure. Everywhere Codi went she managed to find a mother figure. Whether it be a man or a woman friend or even Hallie, Codi hid herself in other people's security. This search for stability is catalyzed by the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood. The lack of maternal instinct in Codi left her with no sense of direction, therefore; she searched aimlessly for years, for herself.

Codi is unable to become self-aware, because her dependency on her sister was so strong. A direct result of Codi's insecurities is the development of Hallie as a primary source of security. She is Codi's safe haven where she can escape when her problems become overwhelming or perplexing. Hallie is defined as her stability in this way. Hallie offers a blanket of protection from Codi's personal insecurities. Codi's dependence on Hallie as a haven from her feelings is evident in Codi's reaction to her old, high school friend Emelina. Emelina recalled Codi's childhood protests of killing chickens, but Codi said, "No, that was Hallie. She's the one that had such a soft heart. We've always been real different that way" (AD ). Codi's recollection of Hallie as the one who protested the death of the animals when in fact it was Codi, shows that Codi has no realization of her own cares and sensitivities because she projects them upon Hallie. Codi's inability to distinguish her individual feelings from Hallie's is because she continually projects them onto Hallie so she doesn't have to deal with them.

Hallie is a metaphor for a sense of direction and purpose. Hallie has knowledge of direction that seems to escape Codi. Hallie knows what she wants to do and what is necessary to attain it. Codi, however, drifts through life with no specific purpose. She maintains her existence anywhere that doesn't require any effort or emotional discomfort to her. Codi interprets Hallie's move to Nicaragua as an example of Hallie's keen sense of direction and her own lack of one. Codi doesn't see any future direction for herself. "[…] I had no mission beyond personal survival; it was nothing like Hallie's going to Nicaragua" (AD 107). Codi's lack of direction also stems from her dominant feelings of being an outsider. Codi has never felt accepted by any environment and she is constantly amazed by Hallie's instant ability to become comfortable. For example, she tells these feelings to Hallie in a letter expressing her admiration of Hallie at being able to be compatible with the environment surrounding her. "All I want is to be like you, to be brave, to walk into a country of chickens and land mines and call it home, and have it be home" (AD 00). However, she doesn't realize that it isn't her uneasiness with her environment but with herself that makes it difficult to be comfortable in any environment.

Codi's life since her fall from Grace is a long list of failures. But when she came back to her hometown, she finds herself busier that she expected. She meets Loyd Peregrina and they fall into an affair that threatens to turn serious. "Loyd is a fertile character, who has a profound understanding of how to carefully cultivate the fertile land" (Sparknotes). He drives her about neighboring reservations and takes her to some ancient Pueblo villages. She begins to see a difference between inhabiting the land and trying to conquer it. "To people who think of themselves as God's houseguest, American enterprise must seem arrogant beyond belief. Or stupid. A nation of amnesiacs, proceeding as if there were no other day but today" (AD 40).

Because Codi's education is a great help to their cause, Codi joins the Stitch and Bitch Club, and with Codi's help they set out to save the town from the mining company. As she becomes a part of the community effort to save the town, Codi begins to learn more about her own family's past, and gradually comes to understand that those women, twenty years before, were "[…] fifty mothers who'd been standing at the edges of my childhood, ready to make whatever contribution was needed at the time" (AD 8).

Hallie's departure in combination with Doc Homero's bout with Alzheimer's disease allows Codi an opportunity to confront her past and insecurities. After Hallie's death, Codi is able to retain Hallie's message of finding a direction and what purpose that direction should have. Hallie explains to Codi that "[…] the very least you can do in your life is to figure out what you hope for. And the most you can do is live inside that hope. Not admire it from a distance but live right in it, under its roof" (AD ). This message allows Codi to find her direction and live it. She does this by coming to the realization that her lack of direction is from her innate feeling of not being accepted. The main criterion for acceptance in Grace according to Codi was to have been born with blue eyes. The legend of the town is that if you were born with blue eyes you were a descendent of the Gracela Sisters, after whom the town is named. Codi discovers childhood pictures which show that she was born with blue eyes. After discovering that she is part of the town's blue-eyed tradition, she feels a symbolic acceptance. She can then further pursue her personal direction by adhering to Hallie's advice. This direction is realized by the desire to remain in Grace. She stays in Grace to help the Stitch and Bitch Club protest against the environmental catastrophe they face. She is also able to accept the responsibility of her own stable career as a biology teacher and raise a family herself with respect from the people around her.

Codi expands her concept of family. She is able to feel an emotional attachment to the people of Grace and in particular to her boyfriend, Loyd Peregrina, an Apache who fathered Codi's miscarried baby. Codi began to discover an awareness of relationships and acceptance that made her secure within herself. She is now capable of identifying the immense love around her that includes Loyd, Emelina, her family, her students, and her fifty mothers from the Stitch and Bitch Club. Codi realizes the amount of support she has as a result of Hallie's funeral. All of the people who love Codi are present to share her grief. This enables her to feel an assurance of support. This sentiment is captured in the phrase, "[…] Whenever I thought I might fall or just cease to exist, the pressure of their shoulders held me there" (AD 7). Hallie's death allows Codi to redefine her ideological needs for a family. Codi is then able to settle down and conceive a child with Loyd.

Alice's early death causes the lack of a mother in Codi's childhood, and Homero's inability to make peace with the past confront Codi to fit in somewhere and to find a meaning for her life. Also, as long as Hallie is alive she is a safe haven for Codi to escape to when the truth of her personality becomes too apparent. But on the other hand, Alice, Homero, and Hallie are the great influences on Codi to find her identity and meaning of life. Especially Hallie might have taught Codi how to deal with insecurities and find a reason to live. Rudman says that "Siblings who grow up together learn each other's characteristics […]" (11). Even though she had many failures in her past, Codi truly grows up because of the people around her. Smiley states that "[…] her journey is a gesture, made to relieve her general sense of uselessness." Codi is able to find a direction in her life and she begins to establish a foundation for her future. She is able to secure a family, friends, a career, and an established place within Grace. According to Ryan, it is typical of Kingsolver's styles is that everyone in her books turns out to be good. (81)

We believe that our future is formed by us, and it is true that we create our own dream. However, as it has been shown in The Great Gatsby, and Animal Dreams, our life doesn't only depend on our decisions, it is also influenced by the people we encounter. The ultimate end of our journey could be as bad as Gatsby's, if we surround ourselves with bad influences. We could also find our meaning of life as Codi did, if we meet good people. Through these two novels, I realized that I can affect people around just me as I am influenced by people I encounter. Please note that this sample paper on Creating Together is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Creating Together, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Creating Together will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Mental and Physical Preparation for Sport

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Introduction

Success starts with one most powerful asset ones brain. Strengthening this tool is paramount for success. As the premise states, "the role of the mind in sports performance is crucial for success…" It is important to acknowledge that successful athletic performance is a function of not only what the athlete does, but also what the athlete thinks. In turn, the ultimate athletic performance can only be realized when both the mind, through psychological training, and the body, through physiological and skills training, attain their fullest potential. Beggs (10) asserts "when an athlete goes out on the field, for a contest, he does not leave his mind tucked away in a locker with his shoes, his watch and his hat…the best athletes use almost every faculty of their minds when they go into a contest" (p 56).

There has been much speculation on how to define motivation. One version explains it as 'an intervening process or an internal state of an organism that impels or drives it to action' (Reber 185, p454). Motivation is a broad subject and this report discusses the theory of achievement motivation.

Achievement motivation is a person's effort to succeed at a task, achieve excellence, persist in the face of failure, perform better than others and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill 186, Murray 18, citied in Gould and Weinberg 000). These motives that allow an athlete to achieve may be classed as intrinsic, extrinsic or amotivated. Intrinsic motivation arises in a person involved in an activity due to interest or personal satisfaction. A person is extrinsically motivated to achieve a reward or benefit in the outcome of said event, such as a trophy, money or fame, where these are perceived as desirable assets. Kowal and Fortier (000) stipulate that amotivation refers to lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity.

An athlete able to enter and maintain the desired 'intrinsic motivational' state outlined by Gill, Murray, Gould, Weinberg may give a distinct advantage during an athletes mental preparation, which is often an undervalued factor in success. Experience and practice typically lead to improvement, ergo the more experienced an athlete the more technical their mental preparation may be. Followers of the tai-chi martial art form are noted for their attention to mental preparation, and anecdotal evidence suggest that at elite levels of any competition or activity, preparation and will become the deciding factor.

A reasonable question is whether mental training is worth getting better at. Athletes spend a lot of time preparing for competition. Practices and fitness training are all about technical, tactical and physical preparation for competition. As a result, they become highly skilled in these areas. However, the ability to utilise this potential in competition depends largely on their mental skills, which unfortunately usually receive less attention and training.

The purpose of this study is to identify what role motivation plays in improving athlete performances, through psychology examination of three sportspeople and understanding how they improve their performance. The role of motivation and the problems associated with motivational levels affecting their performance will be outline and discussed. Observing the mental training and motivational methods used by these athletes will help to illustrate the factors that help athletes to succeed.Method

Participants

The subjects chosen for this study are three sportspeople who are Rugby League players. The individuals are from the same age group although each competes at a different level.

Subject 1 17-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of ten due to a lack of interest in his previous sport, which was soccer. He plays every Saturday just to keep fit and healthy.

Subject 0-year-old first grade representative who started playing at the age of 14 at school. He competes at the reserve grade level and plays for the Cronulla Sharks.

Subject 8-year-old first grade representative who plays for the Cronulla Sharks and has had an interest with the sport since the age of 7 when his parents placed him into a weekend activity sport with the local club.

Measure

In order to identify what effects the motivation levels, methodologies used and motivational problems encountered had in improving each individuals' performance, an interview and two surveys were jointly conducted. Survey 1 is a Mental Skills Profile and Survey is a Mental Training Checklist. The interview was designed to explore the athlete's background and views on Rugby League. The two surveys were used to identify the methodologies they chose and the motivation of the subjects to improve their performance.

Procedure

Firstly, permission was gained in order to conduct the interview with each interview after a brief discussion on the assignment. Secondly, the interview was conducted by direct contact with the three subjects at each individual's house on request. Finally, the two surveys were given to them to answer after interview. Results

Table 1, and summarise the results from the interview that gathered information relating to the athletes background, their view on rugby league. The main aim of conducting the interview was to investigate what do sportspeople do to improve their sports performance, how important do sportspeople view motivation with respect to performance and how do sportspeople deal with problems associated with motivation?

The results from Survey 1 outline the individual's attitude in any given situation regarding to the sport. It illustrates the athletes' mental state, whether it is positive or negative by allowing the athlete to nominate a set grade as outlined in the survey.

The results from Survey outline the athletes' mental state in any given situation. Subjects covered include; motivation, confidence, thought habits, focus and visualization.

Both the table and surveys illustrate and identify each athlete's motivation and the methodologies used by them to improve performance.

(Please refer to Appendix for full transcripts of interviews and surveys).Table 1 Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Define motivation Something that makes you want to do something. To be enthusiastic and driven to try and achieve your set goal. A positive mental attitude in a given situation or set of circumstances.

What is your prime motivation for participating in your chosen sport? I want to reach my short-term and long- term goals. I strive to be like my Rugby League hero, Peter Sterling. Recognition is really important to me. I want people to be able to see my skill and ability to play. I also set short-term goals. Winning and having the recognition of being one of the top players in Australia.I set short-term goals to achieve them.

How do you get motivated and remain motivated throughout the game? Verbally psyching myself up. My teammates and coach also encourage me Enthusiasm is vital. As an elite player, my mental state is my competitive advantage. Self-motivator's, which I have studied and practiced throughout my sporting life. Having the right frame of mind is critical.

What role do you feel motivation plays in relation to your performance? No real important role. I feel my performance and skill is what is important. It is very important, as we are basically all very competitive and elite. Motivation is what I focus on, as it will make me succeed. It plays the most important role in professional rugby, as we are all talented. The major difference is our motivation.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

List the best things about Rugby League GirlsFightsMeeting new friends Performing wellWinningSatisfaction RecognitionFinalsMoney

List the worst things about Rugby League InjuriesTime wastageMissing social events InjuriesLosingTraining LosingInjuriesHard workout and training

How do you deal with these problems? Sometimes my friends and team- mates give me support. I'm Motivation from the coach and team- mates. Having a good attitude at all times. I also initiate a one-on-one session with my sport psychologist sometimes. Being enthusiastic no matter what. Believing in myself at all times and by being positive. My wife and coach are really good to talk too.

Do you use mental preparation? If so, list and explain. No, not really. Off course, you have too. I tend to focus on affirmation and imagery. I find that thinking of the moves I have learnt helps me in my confidence. You better believe it. Self-talk is a major one. It makes me believe in myself as I'm continually telling myself 'I can do it'. I also like the team to participate.

Table Summary of results obtained from the three interviews

Subject 1 Subject Subject

Are you always mentally prepared for a game? No. Well I try to be, as its vital for motivation and performance. We do our best. It is the biggest challenge as there are always external factors to consider. Our pep-up meetings at training and before the game help me focus.

Has lack of mental preparation ever affected your performance? Yes off course. I'm starting to realize that it is quite important. It's really common sense. Unfortunately, yes it has. I try and focus on always being mentally prepared however sometimes it's a difficult task to maintain. Sadly, there have been a few situations where my performance was not to my potential due to lack of mental preparation.

What do you do to improve your performance? Well I practice during training and I eat well. I focus on my self-esteem level and I also train hard and try to be enthusiastic. I do many things. I train hard, I eat well, I use self-motivators, which boost my confidence level.

Discussion

The importance of mental training increases at more elite levels. When athletes are young and just learning the technical, tactical and physical skills of a game, their learning curve is steep. A true example of this is Subject 1, however the athlete is not motivated and has no enthusiasm to succeed. Even though, there's a lot of room for improvement and he improve quickly. At elite levels, most players are approaching their performance ceiling and the learning curve slows down. This is a true example of Subject and . Consequently, teams are often similar in terms of technical, tactical and physical skills at this level. Everybody is good. If you're looking for an advantage over an opponent, mental training can be huge. The main reason is that not many opponents work conscientiously on this part of their game. So, developing strong mental skills can provide a major advantage. Both Subject and recognise the importance of motivation with respect to performance, and state that it is one of the most vital factors for their success.

Subject 1 clearly illustrates amotivation, which was earlier referred too as a lack of motivation with is no apparent intention to participate in an activity. The reason for his failure in performance is due to many reasons, one being the lack of mental preparation before a game. Graham states that, "How we feel before we compete has a lot to do with how we compete. Your optimal pre-competitive state is the mindset that has always been associated with excellent performances in your past. Said another way, it is the mindset you perform most effectively with. When preparing for competition, self-regulation involves understanding what your optimal pre-competitive state feels like, then using relaxation and visualization skills to get there."

In order for Subject 1 to improve his sport performance, he must focus on mental preparation prior to the game and training sessions. The Coach also has an important role in motivating and analyzing Subject 1's attitude in order to assist with other critical aspects such as confidence and concentration not only motivation.

Subject uses the technique of imagery, as he believes that it is crucial in Rugby League to have the right mental approach, to be successful. Cumming et al (001) expresses that, "Imagery exerts a beneficial effect on the acquisition and performance of a motor skill…Imagery has cognitive and motivational functions". In simplest terms, imagery can be likened to daydreaming. It is simply the process whereby an individual sees and feels pictures or images in the mind. Graham (000) states, "It also is a tool that elite athletes have been using for years to maximize their competitive

performance. Jean-Claude Killy, one of only two individuals to win three gold medals in alpine skiing in the same Olympics, reported that he always mentally went through each gate on the ski course, as he stood in the starting gate. Similarly, the great professional golfer Jack Nicklaus, reported that he never hit a golf ball until he visually saw himself hitting the ball in his mind. In fact, there would be few athletes competing at elite levels anywhere who would not use imagery systematically in both practice and competition".

Subject is very goal driven. He continually sets short-term goals in order for them to be reached, which assists in motivation, confidence and enthusiasm. In turn, this will assist him in reaching his ultimate long-term goals. This is a very efficient and effective technique, as by setting the short-term goals, and by achieving them, this is motivating him to keep a positive outlook on achieving his long-term goals. As it is stated that, "Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of sport. At its simplest level, the process of setting goals and targets allows you to choose what you want to achieve in your sport" (Markland 1, p158). The athlete knowing what they want to achieve, are also aware of what they must concentrate on and improve, and what the distinctions are. Goal setting gives the athlete long-term vision and short-term motivation.

It would not be precise to state that motivation is the only factor, which affects sports performance. One has to consider other vital factors, as being a successful athlete involves a variety of different abilities and skills. A successful athlete will peak in his or her performance when they have captured the skill and capability of maintaining confidence, intensity, concentration and motivation. It is said that there is always room for improvement and that no one is perfect, this statement holds force throughout this report. Through further study and investigation, it would be suggested that one should focus on all the issues which affect an athletes performance, which will in turn give an in depth insight into athletic performance and success.References

Beggs, W.D.A (10). Goal setting in sport. In J.G. Jones and L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 56-170). Chichester, UK John Wiley and Sons.

Brunstein, J. (1). Personal goals and subjective well-being A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.

Cumming JL, Ste-Marie DM (001) The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training A matter of perspective. Sports Psychologist Vol5() Sep 00176-88.

Gould, D Weinberg, RS (000) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Pathology (nd ed). United States of America human Kinetics.

Graham, T (000) Developing a mental and emotional edge. [Online]. Available http//www.usask.ca/sportmedsci/mental/edgesoccer.HTM [18 May 00].

Kowal, J Fortier, MS (000) Testing relationships from hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation using flow as a motivational consequence.

Markland D (1) Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol 1(4) Dec 151-61.

Reber, AS (185) The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology. England Penguin Books.

Scanlan, T.K. and Lewthwaite, R. (186). Social psychological aspects of competition in male youth sport participants. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 5-5.

Stated in the essay

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Invisible Man

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I was told to trace the metaphors of blindness in the novel Invisible Man by explaining the plot and thematic significance. There are many metaphors of blindness in this book starting from the Prologue to the Epilogue. I believe that Ralph Ellison was using these metaphors of blindness to show us how puzzled this young man was and how it affected him throughout his life.

In the Prologue, the narrator starts off by telling us that he is physically visible but he is invisible to his peers or society because he is black. He also tells us that his invisibility can be an advantage or disadvantage. Being invisible to society sometimes makes him think that he really is invisible. An advantage of being invisible is that he can use things and do things without people knowing the source. The narrator also shows us some invisibility by not telling us his name, I think this was very clever of the author to not revealing the name of the narrator; it kept the readers unsure of what it was. Many people have just given the narrator a name such as TIM (The Invisible Man) or I-Man just to give the narrator some type of identity. By being invisible, the narrator can also steal electricity from a power company, this allows him to have a presence but not be identified by the company.

In the Prologue, the narrator listens especially to Louis Armstrongs What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue. This song relates directly to Invisible Man on a thematic level, as it shows one of jazzs earliest ways to make an open view on the issue of racism.

In chapter 1, the narrator is also blinded when he has to fight in the battle royal just to read his speech to white lawyers. The boys in the ring are all blindfolded to where they can't see. They are instructed to fight each other and whoever wins will get extra money. The blindfolds also represent the boys own metaphorical blindness, they could not see that they were not just fighting for money; they were apart of entertainment to the white people. The narrator is blind in so many ways that he has not learned to see behind the mask or the real side of people.

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Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty

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In the novel Cal, the author Bernard Mac Laverty has used different settings to influence the reader to respond in certain ways to the ideas presented. The ideas that are raised in this short, but inspiring story are love, compassion, depression, truth, the dehumanisation of humans and the loss of innocence at war, fear and religious hate and finding ones own sanctuary from life's miseries. Maclaverty expresses these ideas very effectively throughout the novel and conjures certain emotional responses from the reader towards the ideas raised. He does this through the different settings in the novel such as the library, where we are introduced the ideas of love and innocence and then the abattoir where the reader is confronted with death and killing. The church, the derelict cottage and Cal Mc Luskey's are also settings used by Mac Laverty to influence the reader to respond to the ideas raised.

Throughout this novel we come across many locations where important events take place which in turn illustrate certain ideas discussed in the novel. On the first page we are introduced to the protagonist, Cal as he goes to visit his father Shamie at his work in the local abattoir. Mac Laverty has placed the first scene at the abattoir in order to demonstrate to the reader Cal's disgust at the smells, sights and sounds of killing and how they make him feel ill inside. This has raised the idea of killing and death and how it was a big part of Cal's life and most people living in Northern Ireland at the time. Mac Laverty describes this place of death as Cal sees it, "Men in white coats and baseball caps whistled and shouted as they moved between hanging carcasses…" "…the crack of the humane killer echoed round the glass roof.". These quotations give very negative connotations to the abattoir as the reader now begins to associate it with the death and killing happening in Northern Ireland. This setting has helped the author to shape the readers reaction towards the killing of animals and humans. The reader now sees the killings as callous, despite the so-called "humane killer" and shares Cal's attitude towards the abattoir.

Another idea that is raised through the setting of the abattoir is the dehumanisation of people at war, as the reader witnesses the way in which the workers go about their work, not noticing the pain, suffering and death that surrounds them, for instance in the text when Crilly, Cal's acquaintance who also works in the abattoir, sees Cal and stops work to sharpen his knives. The author has chosen to include this detail in the scene to show how blind humans can be to their own wrong doings and to also introduce the reader to the character of Crilly. The reader is now confronted with this man whom so casually sharpens his knives which he will no doubt later use to carve up a carcass, and negative connotations are given to Crilly as he becomes just another person caught up in the war, immune to the blood and the smell of the killing, because it had been a part of his life for so long. This makes the reader respond very negatively to the war between the IRA and the Protestants in Ireland, and how it can strip people of love and warmth, basically dehumanising them and the reader loses respect for that character. The idea of fear is well explored through this setting of the abattoir, through Cal's fear of death and killing, the reader can relate to Cal and feels pity for him because he has to live in a world where such things are more common place. Negative feelings from the reader are formed towards the abattoir and its sinister, and brutal purpose.

College papers on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty

The library where one of the main characters, Marcella Morton works is an extremely important setting in influence the readers response to the ideas of love and innocence. The fragile love that Cal has for Marcella is born in the library and the development of their relationship is mirrored through happenings in the library. The reader, from experience, relates the library to silence and reading, obtaining information and borrowing books. Through these associations the reader sees Cal's love for Marcella slowly growing as he goes into the library to observe her going about her work, to obtain information about her personality, her thinking and to admire her appearance. Also the fact that the library is such a quiet place where there is little speaking, the reader gets the feeling that Cal's love is very secret and forbidden, like a schoolyard crush. The reader responds to this idea of love with warmth, and also slight curiosity as it is made obvious that there is some significance about Marcella, "He studied her face, trying to read into it whether or not she was the Marcella". This quotation alerts the reader to the fact that there is something unique about this Marcella character and that somewhere in Cal's past he has encountered her.

Throughout the beginning of the novel Cal returns to the library a few times, almost as if he is stalking Marcella, his crush on her becoming more intense on each visit as she plagues his mind. It is important that the reader sees this loving, innocent and childish side of Cal, because later in the book, when we learn of his involvement in the killing of Marcella's husband Robert Morton, instead of feeling disgust and anger the reader feels sympathy for Cal, because we know he is not really a cold blooded killer. Instead we see Cal as the victim, we have seen him in love with a woman, childishly in love, carrying her shopping bags, taking up work on her property, just so he can be near her, and through this we see Cal's true innocence. The reader knows that he is not a killer, rather a victim of the pressures of IRA, and the inescapability of its sinister power over people. In one of Cal's later visits to the library he is contemplating taking out a book and searches for something that would not seem too easy and even the slightest bit intellectual to impress Marcella, and so the crush continues. The library has become a foundation for Cal's love for Marcella and the reader understands the importance of this love to Cal as it the one thing that has drawn him out of his misery, to actually think about someone other than himself for a change. Towards the end of the novel, Cal, and the reader learns of a plot to blow up the library, this not only signifies the impending doom of Cal and Marcella's relationship, as it has blossomed from the library which is now to be destroyed by the people Cal hate but is never the less is involved with, but also Cal's innocence, he is sick of the killing and the threatening and tells Crilly that he is not interested in being a part of the IRA any more. The idea of innocence, and how just because you do something wrong does not mean you should be branded an evil person for life, is highlighted through the setting of the library as it helps the reader to witness Cal's more endearing traits and the reader becomes very fond, if not sympathetic of this character, despite wrong doings.

Cal's home, where he lives with his father, his mother and brother having passed away years before is an important setting is raising the ideas of religious hatred, the decaying of family relationships and fear, as these are all issues Cal and his father Shamie have to deal with in day to day life in their home. The author has chosen to make Cal and Shamie live as the only Catholic residents on a Protestant estate to highlight their differences the environment they live in, almost like aliens. Because of the ongoing religious battle between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, the reader knows that tis is a particularly precarious situation that they are in and the danger they face is displayed quite early in the novel when they receive a threat in the form of a small note reading GET OUT YOU FENYAN SCUM OR WE'LL BURN YOU OUT. THIS IS YOUR SECOND WARNING, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER. UVF. This highly threatening note shocks the reader, as a home is supposed to be a sanctuary, not a death bed, and the fear that something might happen soon the pair is evoked. If Cal and his father had been living in a safe estate with other Catholics, there would not be any anxiety from the reader and no immediate sympathy. This setting forces the reader to see the danger in which Cal and Shamie are living and the reader responds very negatively towards the idea of religious hate and the fact that it can turn civilised humans into irrational killers. The fact that this threat is actually carried out and the house is burnt is leaves the reader utterly bewildered that some people would want to remove such innocent and harmless people from their home. The burning down of the McCluskey's house marks the beginning of the end for Cal and his father. Their last pillar of strength, the family home has been destroyed, and this symbolises the destruction of their hope and especially Shamie's will to live as his mental condition deteriorates and he slides into severe depression.

The reader is left feeling total sympathy for Cal and Shamie, they are seen as victims of the immoral violence and vindictiveness of the Protestant fanatics. This leads to the idea of fear, the fear that Shamie especially feels in his own home as he states in the text, "Isn't it a terrible thing…that those bastards have us whispering in our own house." After the pair receives the threat that they are to be burned out they start some kind of practiced routine that it seems that they have been through many times before, suggesting they live in constant fear and danger of an attack. The reader finds this very hard to relate to as the closest we come to this routine is locking out doors at night. Shamie and Cal however, are making sure they have a gun at the ready, Cal checks he has a weapon under his bed and that his shoes are ready to be put on should he have to leave in a hurry. They also have a blanket and supply of water in the bath should they have to put out any fires during the night. The reader responds to this idea with total disbelief that these poor people should have to whisper in their own home and be prepared to be attacked in the middle of the night. This kind of fear is unimaginable for the reader and in turn the reader feels extreme sympathy for Cal and his father, as they are imprisoned in their own home.

Cal's house also helps to discuss the idea of the decaying of family relationships. As a result of the burning down of the McCluskey's house, and years of depression and not communicating with each other the relationship between Shamie and Cal is destroyed. The first evidence of this is when Cal returns to find his home burning and when he sees his father sitting pathetically on a chair with a rug wrapped around him, instead of hugging and crying with relief that they have found themselves both alive after the attack they merely shake hands like stranger, the reader even learns that Cal was frightened that Shamie would try and kiss him in front of everyone. It shocks the reader that Cal would have such a stupid and rather cruel thought on his mind instead of a feeling of love towards his father and relief that he didn't perish with the house. The burning down of the house signifies the end of any chance that Cal and his father had to mend their relationship. Their understanding of each other and any will to save their relationship was burnt in the fire and so Cal uses this time to break away from his father and to try and find his own way of tackling his life and his guilt.

The Catholic Church that Cal attends during the novel is also a very important setting as it poses as a "safe house" where Cal can retreat to and feel at peace, as it states in the text, "He liked this time. It was a time of comfort, of hearing but not listening. The noise of the words kept him from thinking his own black thoughts and yet the words themselves were not interesting enough to make him think of them. He was in a kind if warm limbo." Quotations such as these lead the reader to believe that Cal found not only physical safety in the church, but also a sense of emotional safety from his own depressing thoughts and fears. The words "warm limbo" remind the reader almost of a mother's womb, a sanctuary where the baby is kept warm and safe, not having to think about any thing, to fear anything. The church opens the reader's minds to the idea that even in Cal's terrible life of constant fear and depression he can still find a place where he can drift away into safety and comfort, however, the reader begins to feel anger towards religion, because in fact it is the Catholic AND the Protestant religions that have caused Cal his problems, he is supposedly fighting in the name of this almighty religion, when it actually is the cause of the suffering of many Irish people. The reader becomes very confused as to why Cal can find sanctuary in a place that condones and even promotes the thoughtless killing of innocent people and the intense hatred among so called good Christians. The Church has turned not only Catholic against Protestant, but also Catholic against Catholic and Protestant against Protestant. During the novel Cal remembers his mother and her devotion to the church, " She went to mass and communion every morning and each night she made them say the family rosary before the table was cleared." This shows to the reader the extent that people went for their religion and somewhat explains the fanaticism is witnessed throughout the novel. A love for ones God however does not mean that one can kill in their name.

The derelict cottage on the Morton property, that Cal finds himself living in during the novel, helps in persuading the reader to respond to the ideas of depression and guilt with sympathy towards Cal as he goes through many ups and downs, and lives in general limbo for about 6 weeks. It is here in this small broken down cottage that Cal attempts to rebuild his life and become part of Marcella's. The simpleness of the life Cal leads while living in this cottage lulls him into a sense of false security, in this self-imposed prison he tries to undo all the pain he has caused Marcella and her family. The author has tried to introduce the idea of depression and guilt through this cottage, as Cal is living on the Morton's farm he is forced to face Marcella every day and the reality that he will never be able to have a life with her. Cal tries to face his guilt over Robert Morton's death by spending time with Marcella and her daughter Lucy, he starts to imagine himself as a husband for Marcella and a father for Lucy and lives in this fantasy world knowing all along that in the end the truth will have to come out and the past is something that can never be erased. This underlying truth that Cal must face makes the reader feel such sympathy for him, throughout the novel the reader has seen Cal punishing himself wether it be through swearing at himself, "merde, Crotte de Vache" or the love bites he gives himself late in his bed. This constant self flagellation is a forewarning to the reader that Cal is never going to be able to be at peace no matter how much he is punishes himself, because deep inside he feels only someone else will be able to punish him sufficiently enough for his crime. While Cal's time in the Cottage runs into weeks, and it seems that he is quite at peace with himself, the reader knows that Cal is digging a hole for himself, getting attached to someone he can never have, and a life he will never lead. The reader sees the depression that Cal sinks into, he has tried to escape his past, but the explosion made by the cow stepping on a mine is the timely reminder that this fantasy life, even in this idyllic location, a beautiful old farm, is not real and he must face the reality that there is still killing going on, and that he still has a father who is very ill, and all his worries about pressure from Crilly and Skeffington to stick with The Cause are still lurking in the back of his mind. This sets Cal back into his depression and his longing for someone to make him face his crime and set him free of his guilt returns. The reader responds to this guilt and depression that Cal feels with such sympathy because the reader, unlike Marcella, knows of Cal's true innocence, that he not a killer as she will probably think him when she find out his deed. The reader finds it hard to deal with the fact that Cal has to live with so much pain inside him, scarred form the past and unable to ever lead a peaceful and truly happy life.

This novel Cal by Bernard Maclaverty opens the readers' minds to the many depressing issues that surround the fighting and hatred between the Catholics and Protestants living in Northern Ireland. However more importantly Maclaverty has discussed the ideas of love, compassion, the dehumanisation of people at war, religious hate and finding ones own sanctuary from life's miseries. He has done this through many techniques but has used different settings throughout the novel especially well to communicate these ideas and to encourage different responses form the reader. After reading Cal, the reader is left feeling disillusioned, sad, and sympathetic towards the protagonist Cal. Living in such a peaceful and tolerant society like Australia it is hard to imagine the hardships and injustices that happens every day to normal people fighting for the simple religious rights that most others around the world enjoy and expect. Please note that this sample paper on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Cal, By Bernard Mac Laverty will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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