Thoma Hobbes

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The Leviathan is a classic of English literature which is noteworthy of containing a rational construction of natural law as the basis of positive law. In preference to common law; it provides a representative theory of absolute authority. Thomas Hobbes culminates a systematic trilogy on physical bodies, human nature, and body politic. He never departed from the concept of philosophy which he defined as the knowledge acquired by reasoning from the manner of the generation of any thing to the properties or from the properties to some possible way of generation of the same; to be able to produce as far as matter and human force permit, such effects as human life requires. The leviathan expounded the religious doctrine of a holy commonwealth in terms of revelation of divine law. The image depicting Hobbes's leviathan is of a huge man, whose body is composed of thousands of smaller people, all towering above a well ordered city below. This represents an all powerful sovereign who represents the people and is in a sense the embodiment of their being. The natural philosopher, Thomas Hobbes lived during some of the most tumultuous times in European history -- consequently, it is no surprise that his theories were thoroughly pessimistic regarding human nature. In The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes asserts that the ideal form of government is composed of an omnipotent Sovereign, whose only innate responsibility to his subjects is to prevent civil war, which Hobbes feels is the natural state in which man would live without government. The Sovereign, he claims, is appointed by the people of a nation as their agent to maintain domestic order.

Man is not naturally good, Hobbes claimed, but naturally a selfish hedonist -- of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself. As human motives were, in their natural state, guided by unenlightened self-interest, these could, if left unchecked, have highly destructive consequences. Left unrestrained, humans, propelled by their internal dynamics, would crash against each other. Hobbes tried to envision what society would be like in a state of nature -- before any civil state or rule of law. His conclusion was dispiriting life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short, a war of every man against every man. Nonetheless, as all people are equal in a physical not a moral sense, possessing a passionate love of survival and some degree of rationality, Hobbes concluded that a viable, working society would arise as equilibrium between these competing forces. The logic is simple. Any persons right of nature justifies violence against everybody else. Consequently, in the interests of personal survival, people will come around to agreeing that they should renounce their right to use violence. However, this yields up a tense and unstable equilibrium. The moment one party deviates from their promise, all will deviate and war restarts.

To keep society going with peace and confidence, then an artifice -- a Leviathan -- must be worked into the social contract. This Leviathan is the State -- whether in the form of an absolute monarch or a democratic parliament, it does not matter. The important point is that the State will be given a monopoly on violence and absolute authority. In return, the State promises to exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace by punishing deviants. Realizing that its power depends wholly on the willingness of the citizens to surrender theirs, the State itself will have an incentive not to abuse it. Of course, there is no guarantee that it wont. But when it does, it must brace itself for the consequences. . Unfortunately, most leaders, particularly African leaders, are misusing the power of the sovereign and do not want to embrace its consequences. The Leviathan states, The first branch of the general rule of reason containeth the first, and Fundamental Law of Nature; which is, to seek Peace, and follow it. The Second, the Right of Nature; which is, by all means we can, to defend our selves'. Encompassed in these two basic rights is Hobbess entire argument for the institution of a sovereign ruler, which is firstly to protect a nations citizens from all other citizens, and secondly to protect the nation from all other nations. If peace cannot be achieved by stagnation, then the duty of the sovereign, and by contract the only duty of the sovereign, is to mobilize his subjects and declare war on any nation that poses a threat to the stability of his own. One of the interesting elements of Hobbess story is that concepts like morality, liberty, justice and property, have no natural, intrinsic or eternal meaning. They are pure social constructions. They are generated and imposed by the Leviathan, through his laws and institutions, to keep war and social disorder at bay. As history has shown, no set of values will last forever but will evolve as circumstances change. Hobbes is particularly keen to note that law itself is completely dependent on power. A law without a credible and powerful authority behind it is just simply not a law in any meaningful sense. Hobbes is thus one of the progenitors of legal positivism, that is, justice is whatever the law says it is. For Hobbes, power legitimates, power is justice. The State -- whatever its form -- is always, by definition, right, as long as it is capable of maintaining civil peace.

Generally regarded as one of the most prominent natural law philosophers of the 17th Century, Hobbes had an enormous impact on subsequent British political, social and economic theory. Naturally, his idea of a social equilibrium between contradictory self-interests is strikingly obvious in the various aspects of economics to the modern day especially in Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism where he expresses the Hobbesian hedonism_ 'Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand, the standard of right and wrong, on the other, the chain of causes and effects are fastened to their throne.' (Bentham,1780).

In concordance to Hobbes's views on the state of nature, the social contract and absolute government, sovereignty is the basis for a stable political regime of law and order and as to the whole doctrine, I see not yet, but the principles of it are true and proper. For I ground the civil right of sovereigns, and both the duty and liberty of subjects, upon the known natural inclinations of mankind, and upon the articles of the law of nature; of which no man, that pretends but reason enough to govern his private family, ought to be ignorant. The leviathan is the most complete expression of Hobbess philosophy. It begins with a clearly materialistic account of human nature and knowledge, a rigidly deterministic account of human volition, and a pessimistic vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in perpetual struggle against each other. It is to escape this grim fate, Hobbes argued, that we form the commonwealth, surrendering our individual powers to the authority of an absolute sovereign. For Hobbes, then, individual obedience to even an arbitrary government is necessary in order to forestall the greater evil of an endless state of war. Reference/ Bibliography

„X The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes with an introducton by Herbert W. Schneider

„X Philosophy-The classics byNigel Warburton.

„X Lecture eight notes

„X http//www.thomas-hobbes.com/

„X http//www.philosophypages.com/ph/hobb.htm

„X http//www.epistemelinks.com/Please note that this sample paper on Thoma Hobbes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thoma Hobbes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Thoma Hobbes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Key valus of united states culture

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Key Values of United States Culture

The United States has one of the most diverse cultures in the world. A culture that encompasses every place imaginable. As a country, the United States has a very strong national culture. Almost every culture in our country has an aspect that is similar to the culture of the nation as a whole. Equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and free enterprise, freedom, and racism and group superiority are ten of the key values Robin Williams identified that belong to U.S. culture. Age and background determine how each value is interpreted. Different generations, as well as, ethnicities can have shockingly different views about similar values.

A seventeen year old person, in comparison to a forty-five year old, is going to have drastically different opinions, as well as many similar ideas, about values, due to experience, peer values, family values, and personal values. Equal opportunity is a principal that our country was founded upon, and is an ideal that is still held with high respect around the country. In this case age makes little difference. Generally an older person has the same view as a younger person. Both generations believe in equal opportunity, and the only difference in opinion is due to experience.

Achievement and success again are interpreted similarly between the ages again. How success is measured is the variable in this case. Every person has the drive to be successful in some respect, what the person does, and how good they are at it is determines success. What is successful for a teen, could be the exact opposite of what and adult would deem successful. For example, a teen who has a high tolerance for alcohol, and can drink well, is considered to be successful by the peer group, but an adult would consider this to be detrimental and a failure.

With success, comes money, and with money, comes material possessions. American's need to succeed also drives their need for material comfort. Most Americans want to live comfortably, and living a comfortable life style involves having wealth. Americas drive for possessions is not limited to one age group. A teen has the drive to possess nice clothes, and good music, where as an adult wants to have a nice car, and a nice house.

America believes that, in order to succeed action must be taken immediately. A mind set like this leaves little time for refection. U.S. is based heavily upon the idea of action over reflection. Teens around the country measure their "worth" by what they can do. An adult who is a "doer" at work will get the promotions, and pay raises. Action is heavily emphasized in every day American life.

Practicality an efficiency are valued heavily in American culture. All things must be accomplished in the mos practical and efficient way. Teens are concerned with finding the fastest way to do their homework, and adults are more concerned with finding time to do things in their leisure time.

America is a culture of the "latest and the greatest,"and progress is of the upmost concern. The youth wants the newest most progressive sports gear, or entertainment system, where as an adult wants more practical and important things, such as cars or kitchen ware. One step forward every day is what America thrives upon.

Science in America is mostly concerned with advancing technology and explaining occurrences rationally. Young people, as a whole, are all for scientific advancement, if they can have softer hair for cheaper, or a new indestructible cell phone. Most Adults support scientific growth throughout America. Science is turned to connect them with relatives across the country family and supplement their social lives.

Free-enterprise and democracy are two principals that are deeply steeped in the culture of America. Most of American adults agree that a leader should be voted on by the people and the consumer should ultimately control the market. The youth in general does not know the extent of free-enterprise and democracy because of the lake of political exposure, and they have never had enough money to have the market effect their pocket money.

Every American values freedom, but sometimes forgetting how free America actually is. Most Americans, young and old want to live their life with as little government interference as possible. The belief that people should be allowed to pursue their personal goals at their own rate is a staple of the American ideal. There are twenty seven amendments to the constitution that concern our rights to freedom from the government.

Racism and group superiority have been present in the United States since it was form. In today's more enlightened society racism is becoming less of a problem. As minorities are quickly becoming majorities racism is starting to become irrelevant. Though this is true there is still the problem of discrimination in our country. The poor, handicapped, and people who belong to certain ethnicities, are still being discriminated against to this day. The young people are becoming less sensitive to racism, because they grow up with less of an idea of what it is and people who are different now not considered inferior. A greater degree of racism can be seen in adults and the elderly, because they were brought up when it was a common place occurrence, and was socially acceptable.

Robin William's insight into the soul of American culture has been proven true many times over. Each key value controls our everyday life, and our futures. Each of these values is instilled in every American by their family and peers, leading to a nation of people who, despite their differing backgrounds, can have essentially the same views on most topics. America is strong, and the proof is in the people. America will unite under our common culture to remain unified forever.

Please note that this sample paper on Key valus of united states culture is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Key valus of united states culture, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Key valus of united states culture will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Howard Florey

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Howard Florey was the first Australian to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He shared the 145 award with the German refugee chemist Ernst Chain and the Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming. Working together at Oxford University, Florey and Chain built a research team that transformed penicillin (discovered by Fleming in 1) from a laboratory curiosity into a widely available drug.

Penicillin is one of the most efficient remedies ever discovered, and in the 140s its effects seemed almost miraculous. It revolutionized medicine, allowing once lethal infections, pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, meningitis, gas gangrene--to be cured. For infections that were resistant to penicillin, other antibiotics were soon found, including cephalosporin, which was also developed by the Oxford group.

Florey was born in Adelaide to a wealthy family. Rather than enter his fathers shoe-making business, he resolved to study medicine, and in 11 won a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford University. In the mid-10s, he became intrigued by the problem of extracting pure penicillin from the Penicillium mold without destroying its potency. He later assembled a multidisciplinary team--including his wife Ethel to work on manufacturing the drug. The technical difficulties of carrying out such a project in wartime Britain were enormous, and at first the team struggled to produce enough penicillin to cure a few infected mice. The amounts available to treat the earliest patients were so limited that the researchers concentrated the drug back from urine, then reinjected it. But (thanks in part to collaboration with well-funded U.S. researchers) by the time of the D-Day landings in 144, penicillin was available in sufficient quantities to save the lives of many wounded Allied and German soldiers.

In his approach to practical science, Florey was a true experimentalist, and is credited with establishing the nexus between physiology (normal function) and pathology (disease) that defines the discipline of experimental pathology.

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The Nobel and other accolades gave Florey great influence, which he used well. He visited Australia often, and his efforts were central to the establishment of the Australian National University as a postgraduate research university, a visionary idea for its time. Florey assumed responsibility for the initial phase of the ANUs John Curtin School of Medical Research, contributing greatly to the recruitment of a stellar group of founding professors. Though he continued living in England, he was chancellor of the ANU (making annual trips to Canberra), when he died at age 6 from cardiovascular disease. A typical Australian stoic, he suffered angina in silence for many years. Today, coronary bypass surgery would probably have given him a decade more of productive life.

Florey was a familiar figure to Australians of his time, but the 100th anniversary of his birth, in 18, attracted little public interest, even in his home town of Adelaide. When I spoke there at a well-advertised event in his honor, the Crows football team were on a winning streak and the press seemed terminally obsessed with Sir Donald Bradmans 0th birthday. Australia has not, so far, been looked on as a land of opportunity for the intellectual, Florey said in 158. That is changing, but young Australians need to be reminded that their country has produced great achievers in science, the arts and the world of ideas. A sophisticated society can support a broad pantheon of heroes.

Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel won the 16 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on viral infections and immunity, carried out at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.

BORN Sept. 4, 188, in Malvern, Adelaide

1 Attends Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship

15 Becomes Professor of Pathology at Oxford

14 His department publishes Antibiotics

160 Becomes first Australian president of the Royal Society

165 Becomes life peer as Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston

DIED Feb. 1, 168, in Oxford

Florey gathered a team of scientists at Oxford University in Britain in the 10s, when working together on scientific discoveries as a group was not at all common.

His team commenced a careful investigation of the properties of anti-bacterial substances that are produced by mould. One member of the team, Ernst Chain, found an article about Alexander Flemings work while flicking through a medical journal, and this prompted them to begin looking at penicillin.

Individual members of the group concentrated their attention on areas in which they had the most knowledge, but they often met to exchange ideas. Chain worked on purifying penicillin with Edward Abraham. Norman Heatley improvised methods for extracting penicillin using ether and bedpans (see penicillin production below). A. D. Gardner and Jena Orr-Ewing studied how penicillin reacted with other organisms. Howard Florey looked with Margaret Jennings at the impact of penicillin on animals. Ethel Florey later worked with her husband on clinical trials of penicillin.

In May, 140 they performed one of the most important medical experiments in history. The work was so urgent that they came in to begin the experiment on the weekend, and on Saturday 5 May, Floreys team tested penicillin on eight mice injected with a lethal dose of streptococci bacteria. Four of the mice were treated with penicillin, while four were used as controls. By the next day, the treated mice had recovered and the untreated mice were dead. In the early days of World War II, the lives of eight mice may seem insignificant. But their rescue by penicillin led to the treatment of Allied soldiers as early as D-Day, in June 144, and probably influenced the outcome of the war.

In 14 Florey travelled to North Africa to test the effects of penicillin on wounded soldiers. His trials were seen as a miracle. Instead of amputating wounded limbs or simply leave them to heal, he suggested soldiers wounds be cleaned and sewn up, and that the patients then be given penicillin. Thanks to Florey and his team, the drug was available to treat Allied troops by the end of World War II. It has since revolutionised medical science, saving millions of lives. Please note that this sample paper on Howard Florey is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Howard Florey, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Howard Florey will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Othello

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Preliminary English (Advanced) Assessment Task

"Othello"

Othello is a motion picture that was directed by Oliver Parker (18) which is based on the William Shakespeare play written in 160, with Lawrence Fishburne staring as Othello. This motion picture is cinematic. It relies not only on the spoken word but also on the visual images, movement of scenes, composition, camera angles, sound, music and skills of the actors playing the characters. This motion picture has been generally effective in presenting the ideas that Shakespeare conveys in the original text. The motion picture has been glamorized through the use of elaborate costumes.

The motion picture begins in the Italian city of Venice, a night on which it is very dark and misty which is a consistent mood for the opening scenes. The music is cold and eerie creating a sense of mystery and suspense with a feeling that something sinister is about to happen.

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As appose to Shakespeare's written text, this motion picture emphasizes more on visual images rather than the spoken word to deliver its central theme across. This motion picture portrays Iago in a better light than the audience would feel than from reading the text. Through his fabrication, deceitfulness and evil nature the audience would establish that Iago would be a gloomy man, with a sinister appearance always looking to cause trouble and spin the situation to his favor after reading the text. But in this production Iago is portrayed as a fair man, with light complexion, always looking to help his fellow man. His clean shaven appearance and glamorized costumes show he is a wealthy man with a respectable heritage. Little do the other characters know, but Iago is a dire man which they all find out in the horrific finale.

Throughout the entire motion picture, there is constant development of the use of camera and lighting which also enhance the viewing experience for the audience. At the end of each scene, there is always an intimate conversation between Iago and Roderigo. This acquaintance is central to the events which occur later in the text and motion picture, as they are plotting the demise of Othello. The voices Iago and Roderigo use are quiet with varying tempo; they speak in prose rather than in poetry which implies they are speaking about an idea. The camera focuses in, only showing these two characters and the emotions expressed on their faces. The pausing and dim lighting creates tension and a feeling of unrest, that these two are plotting an alliance together to over through Othello.

A prominent scene in the motion is where Iago is performing a monologue where the camera continually draws closer. It focuses on his face creating passion in his slow quiet voice with his eyes never leaving the audience. To have made such an impact when this play was performed in Shakespeare's time, they would have had only Iago on the stage with all the light off except for a spotlight aimed straight at him. His voice would have been loud and confident so that the whole theatre could hear him.

During the motion picture there are constant flashback scenes which show imagery of the past. This feature would be lost in Shakespeare's time as it would be impossible to show this. This feature gives the audience an enhanced understanding into the past of these characters thoughts.

A major source of light in the motion picture is candles which are scattered around every room. In the scene where Othello is about to kill Desdemona, he turns out all of the candles on his way to her bed chamber making the area all shadowy. This may symbolize that he is about to turn off Desdemona's light source by strangling the life out of her. This produces a threatening sensation where the audience knows that a tragedy is about to occur.

The music plays big role in creating an atmosphere in the motion picture. Music is an essential element in order for the audience to be captured in the production making them feel as though they are apart of the scenery, involved in the play. The music which is played in a particular scene gives great result to the acting skills. In a cheerful or joyful scene, gentle, flowing music is required to get the most out of it. Whereas in a violent, conflicting scene, loud, sharp and fast music is essential to get the hearts racing and the audience on the edge of their seat. When an important episode of dialogue is being performed the atmosphere is hushed so that every word and every pause can be heard to generate the dramatic desired effect.

With every successful motion picture, there is always a talented cast of actors and supporting actors. Oliver Parker has done a fantastic job in securing the correct actors for each character and has reaped the rewards through professionally produced motion picture. Lawrence Fishburne was the perfect Othello, his strong presence, on stage demeanor and his ability to transform himself into the real Othello. As appose to past actors who may have played Othello, Lawrence was naturally colored. Back in the time of Shakespeare, no colored men were allowed to perform on stage so they had to paint the actor in boot polish to give the appearance he was black. The fact Othello was black, may have been the motive for the slanderous attack on his personality. He was always referred to as the Moor, a black ram, a devil.

As the motion picture progressed, and as his situation became direr, Roderigo's appearance became increasingly worse, with his untamed beard running wild. From reading the text the audience would generally feel that Roderigo was a nice guy who got caught up in a scheme and his feelings of love towards Desdemona. I was first introduced to Roderigo in the opening scene additionally with Iago. At first, along with my class mates, I thought Iago was Roderigo. With his seedy exterior and receding hair I believed the darker featured man was Iago because of the way he was described and portrayed in the text.

Just from reading the text Othello, it is possible to gain an understanding and knowledge of what Shakespeare was trying to convey. However, the motion picture Othello gives the audience a highly improved perception of the characters, environment and overall message of what Othello is all about.Please note that this sample paper on othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on othello, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Team Leadership

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How do groups cohere? Historically, strong leadership and a shared culture have been the primary factors in determining collective unanimity within social groups. Managers today might not have absolute power of life or death over their staff, being restricted to hiring and firing in their power to enforce the hierarchy, and their corporate mythology might shade by comparison with that of, say, ancient Rome; yet, although managers today need to unite different people without the traditional binding agents of shared ethnicity or religion, unifying them in pursuit of tasks which can sometimes appear dreary even to the most committed worker, it is becoming abundantly clear that negative motivation the threat of unemployment is at best a limited management tool. Although the knowledge that keeping one's job is contingent on performance necessarily informs every worker's consciousness, fear alone breeds hatred, discord and consequently inefficiency. It is a truth almost universally accepted that a happy worker is a good one aside from such prerequisites as a pleasant working environment and the avoidance of overwork, it seems clear that a good team-spirit is the key to healthy morale. Working as a team increases people's sense of purpose, their feeling of belonging and consequently their productivity. In fact, a properly functioning team is absolutely essential for any business with more than one employee. If the rugby pack doesn't push together, they lose the game. Fortunately, for the twenty-first-century corporate manager, a support-structure, a science and industry of positive motivation, fitted for the contemporary market, has evolved. And one of its principal methods is that delineated in this section. The companies on show here specialize in removing workers from their normative contexts and involving them in challenging, unusual and entertaining activities, by which shared experience the group knits together, eliciting previously untapped interpersonal relationships and individual potential. It is important that we recognize the constructive use-value borne by play in relation to work, since the two exist not in opposition, but in symbiosis. The cooption of constructive play by the corporations is their masterstroke; for by simulating the activities of family and friendship within its aegis, the corporation inculcates comparable loyalties and energies among its workforce.

Gamesman Productions are currently leading the way in the provision of innovative team-building games to the corporate event industry. Neil Harvey, the owner (who previously made scenic props for such shows as 'The Phantom of the Opera'), aims to create a 'toy-box' sensibility in all Gamesman products, to effect a high visual impact and encourage a ludic attitude. Thus it is that Mr. Harvey's new game, 'Hell's Bells', uses imaginative play rather than the more divisive impulse of competition as its driving force. 'Hell's Bells' is designed to throw light on team dynamics, focusing on project management skills and team communication issues. For the manager, this is a handy side-effect of corporate team games, which become a means of observing one's colleagues at close hand, in a different light from usual, throwing their strengths and weaknesses into relief. 'Hell's Bells' itself is an unprecedented and impressive development, in which the participants have to construct a series of automata whose correct alignment will enact automatically a medieval story, which is the culmination of the game and the convergence of cryptic clues and riddles scattered throughout. The game can accommodate fifteen to two hundred participants, lasting from a minimum of two hours to significantly longer, depending on how it is supervised, keeping everyone involved and, of course, thoroughly entertained.

Now, a more martial model of group play is that perennial favourite of the corporate market, paintballing. Holmbush Paintballing has over ten years of experience at organizing paintballing events to boost morale and help to create firm business relationships with staff and clients alike. Situated on the prestigious ,500 acre Holmbush Estate, they offer tailored 'Paintball' events for all sizes of companies, both small and Blue Chip, supplying an action-packed, adrenaline-fuelled corporate day out. Paintball highlights the absolute necessity of communication and teamwork from all levels of staff. Players have the opportunity to practice and develop their leadership skills. Everybody is encouraged to be highly motivated to achieve success, and their decision-making and risk management skills are tested to the limit. Players have to combine their individual talents and create real working relationships, breaking down traditional work-place barriers in order to achieve the set objectives. Holmbush provides all the equipment necessary - which includes full camouflage uniforms, full-face masks and the paintball guns and all players are given a full half-hour safety briefing before any of the weapons are issued and the players go to any of the twelve different playing areas, each of which provides a different objective for the players to achieve. All the staff are fully trained in-house and are enthusiasts of the game. Each team is assigned a Marshal who guides you throughout the day, ensuring safety and fair play while in the varying 'Combat Zones'. At the end of the day the Marshals hold a Presentation where the teams' results are discussed and an award is given for the first and second placed teams.

A different kind of marksmanship can be found at the National Shooting Centre at Bisley Camp, the home of competitive shooting since 180. The Centre offers world class facilities for all shooting disciplines. This includes target rifle, gallery rifles, black powder pistols and air guns to name but a few. The Centre also plays host to international competitions. The National Clay Shooting Centre, which is incorporated within the National Shooting Centre, will open in July 001, with evening shoots held twice a week in the summer. The impressive new clay layouts have been built with the aid of a Lottery Grant from Sport England for the Commonwealth Games in 00 and include nine down the line as well as English and Olympic skeet, ABT, double trap and universal trench. A magnificent new clubhouse provides a focal point for the complex and includes catering facilities with a terrace that overlooks the ground and finals layout. The superb new layouts are equipped with seventy-two Materelli traps, covered stands, computer controlled scoring and acoustic release, all against a backdrop of over 000 acres of unspoilt Surrey heath land.

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